SPANISH SUCCESSION 



5481 



SPARROW 



El Caney, had invested Santiago. On July 4 

 the city was called upon to surrender, but it 

 continued to offer resistance until July 17. 

 With its fall Spain sued for peace. 



By the treaty of Paris, Spain evacuated Cuba 

 and relinquished Porto Rico, the Philippines 

 and Guam to the United States, in return for a 

 generous indemnity of $20,000,000. It was ex- 

 pressly understood that the American interest 

 in Cuba was to be a simple trusteeship and 

 that a republic, guaranteed by American arms, 

 was to be established on the island. The war 

 cost the United States $165,000,000. The loss of 

 life, most of which was due to disease, was 2,910 

 for the American forces. 



Minor Incidents. Dewey's flagship, the bat- 

 tle cruiser Oregon, was ordered to join the At- 

 lantic squadron after the Battle of Manila Bay. 

 It made the 12,000-mile voyage around Cape 

 Horn in marvelous time and reached Cuban 

 waters in perfect condition, ready for duty in 

 the line of battle. 



The war fixed public attention upon Commo- 

 dores Schley and Sampson, who became rivals, 

 or were made so by their respective champions. 

 Both were advanced to the grade of rear- 

 admiral. 



Theodore Roosevelt, second in command of 

 the "Rough Riders," had been assistant Secre- 

 tary of the Navy and a reform politician in 

 New York state. The war focused the nation's 

 attention upon him, and his election as gov- 

 ernor of New York followed the same year, 

 from which post he was chosen Vice-President 

 of the United States, and became President 

 upon the death of McKinley. Colonel Wood 

 of the "Rough Riders" remained in the service 

 and by merit rose to the command of the 

 American army. G.B.D. 



Consult Wilson's The Downfall of Spain: Naval 

 History of the S vanish- American War; Sigsbee's 

 Story of the Maine ; Lodge's The War with Spain. 



Related Subjects. Much supplementary in- 

 formation may be found in the following articles : 

 Cuba Roosevelt, Theodore 



Dewey, George Rough Riders 



El Caney, Battle of Sampson, William T. 



Hobson, Richmond P. Schley, Winfield Scott 

 McKinley, William United States, subtitle 



Manila Bay, Battle of History 



Philippine Islands Wood, Leonard 



Porto Rico 



SPANISH SUCCESSION, suksesh'un, WAR 

 OF THE. See SUCCESSION WARS. 



SPARKS, JARED (1789-1866), an American 

 clergyman, historian, educator and biographer, 

 distinguished as the pioneer in the collection of 

 original documents relating to American his- 



tory and as one of the earliest American biog- 

 raphers. He was born at Willington, Conn. 

 After the completion of his theological studies 

 at Harvard University, in 1819, he became a 

 minister of the Unitarian Church in Baltimore. 

 He resigned his pastorate in 1823, and from 

 1824 to 1831 was editor of the North American 

 Review. From 1839 until 1849 he was professor 

 of history at Harvard University, and from 

 1849 to 1853 he served as president of that in- 

 stitution. His greatest activity, however, was 

 in the fields of biography and history. One of 

 his best known works is his edition of the 

 Writings of George Washington, in twelve vol- 

 umes, the first volume of which is a biography 

 of Washington. He also edited The Library of 

 American Biography, the writings of Franklin 

 and various collections of documents and let- 

 ters. His great collection of manuscripts he 

 bequeathed to Harvard University, and his pri- 

 vate library was purchased by Cornell Uni- 

 versity. 



SPARROW, spair'o, a plain-appearing song 

 bird, with cone-shaped bill adapted to the shell- 

 ing and eating of seeds, found in all parts of 

 the world except the Australian region. Most 

 species are migratory, those nesting in the 



LJ 



WING OF A SPARROW 

 (a) Scapulars (e) Greater coverts 



(6) Lesser coverts (/) Primary coverts 



(c) Middle coverts (g) Ter.tiaries 



(d) Ala Spuria (false (h) Secondaries 



wing) (i) Primaries 



Northern United States and Canada winter- 

 ing in the Gulf states. Among the best loved 

 of American species are the song sparrow, with 

 its clear, high trill ; the vesper sparrow, with its 

 sweet, plaintive note; and the beautiful white- 

 throated and white-crowned sparrows. The 

 largest -of the groups is the fox sparrow?, except- 

 ing the Harris sparrow of the Western prairies, 

 a species about the same size recently discov- 

 ered, having much black splashed about its 

 head and breast. Both fox and Harris sparrows 



