STUART 



5594 



STUCCO 



the first in 1795. Every one is familiar with the 

 so-called "Athenaeum" head, showing the left 

 side of the face. A full-length picture Wash- 

 ington at Dorchester Heightsis also well 

 known. Both of these are in the Boston Mu- 



STUDIO OF GILBERT STUART 

 It was here, near Philadelphia, where he 

 painted many of his Washing-ton portraits. 



seum of Fine Arts. The Metropolitan Mu- 

 seum, in New York, possesses the famous 

 "Gibbs-Channing" portrait. 



Stuart was born near Newport, R. I. He 

 began to paint when a boy of thirteen, without 

 any guidance, and though he had begun to ac- 

 cept commissions before 1775, he had little 

 opportunity to study under good masters until 

 that year, when he went to London. Between 

 1778 and 1782 he lived and worked with Benja- 

 min West, his countryman. After winning a 

 name in London and Dublin as a fashionable 

 portait painter, he returned to America, his 

 chief reason for this move being his desire to 

 secure Washington as a sitter. 



Stuart painted the first Washington head in 

 Philadelphia. Later he lived in Washington 

 and in Boston, and he died in the latter city. 

 While in Europe he painted George III and 

 the future George IV, Louis XVI of France, 

 Sir Joshua Reynolds, Benjamin West and the 

 famous actress, Mrs. Siddons. Among other 

 sitters were the four Presidents following Wash- 

 ington, also John Jay and Jerome and Madame 

 Bonaparte. His paintings are notable for their 

 purity and delicacy of coloring, and he suc- 

 ceeded in representing the personality of his 

 subject with force and accuracy. 



STUART, HOUSE OF, a royal dynasty of Eng- 

 land and Scotland, the members of which in 

 theory and practice were exponents of the prin- 

 ciple that "the king can do no wrong" (see 

 DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS). The first Stuart to 



rule over England was James VI of Scotland, 

 son of Mary Queen of Scots. In 1603, on the 

 death of Elizabeth, last of the House of Tudor, 

 James ascended the throne of England as 

 James I, thus bringing the two countries under 

 one sovereignty. His successor, Charles I, ruled 

 so despotically that he was deposed and be- 

 headed and a commonwealth was established 

 (1649). In 1660 the family was restored to the 

 throne in the person of Charles II, son of 

 Charles I. In 1685 James II, brother of 

 Charles, became king. He applied the divine 

 right theory so recklessly that in 1688 he was 

 deposed by a bloodless revolution, and the 

 crown was bestowed on his daughter Mary and 

 her husband, William of Orange, the two be- 

 coming joint rulers of tHe kingdom. In 1702 

 Anne, sister of Mary, succeeded to the throne. 

 She was the last ruler of the Stuarts. In her 

 reign Scotland and England were united. See 

 genealogical table on next page. 



Related Subjects. The following articles in 

 these volumes deal with Stuart rulers or pre- 

 tenders : 



Anne Mary, subhead Mary II 



Charles I and II Stuart, Charles Edward 



James I and II William III 



STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864), 

 a dashing cavalry officer in the Confederate 

 service during the War of Secession. He was 

 born in Patrick County, Virginia, was a student 

 in Emory and Henry College, and was gradu- 

 ated in 1854 at West Point Military Academy. 

 In 1857 his regiment was sent to Kansas to en- 

 force order, and he also saw service against the 

 Cheyenne Indians. He resigned from the Fed- 

 eral army in 1861, when Virginia seceded, and 

 was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of Vir- 

 ginia troops, first winning distinction at the 

 first Battle of Bull Run. After the Battle of 

 Fair Oaks, when Lee was preparing a vigorous 

 attack, Stuart with 1,200 Confederate horse- 

 men went around McClellan's army in order 

 to learn the strength and location of the Union 

 forces. He was commissioned major-general of 

 cavalry in 1862, and during the Battle of An- 

 tietam made a raid into Pennsylvania. He 

 aided Stonewall Jackson at Chahcellorsville, 

 and commanded that general's corps tempo- 

 rarily after Jackson's death. In the Wilderness 

 campaign Stuart was successful in several en- 

 gagements. He was mortally wounded at Yel- 

 low Tavern in 1864, in attempting to check the 

 advance of Sheridan against Richmond. 



STUCCO, stuk'o, a term applied to various 

 compounds used for interior decorating and as 



