SUBPOENA 



5606 



SUBTRACTION 



efforts to combat this menace to their shipping. 

 In the summer of 1917 the Germans were espe- 

 cially active in mining operations in the North 

 Sea, and their mine layers had numerous fights 

 with British fighting craft. The Germans also 

 built a special type of submarine for mine 

 planting. One such submarine, captured by the 

 British, carried sixteen mines, placed two by 

 two in inclined tubes, the lower end of each 

 tube being open to the sea. Because the sub- 

 marine can work under water, it is admirably 

 adapted to operations that must be carried on 

 without the enemy's knowledge. F.ST.A. 



Consult Sueter's Evolution of the Submarine 

 Boat, Mine and Torpedo; Sleeman's Torpedoes 

 and Torpedo Warfare. 



SUBPOENA, subpe'na. If an officer of a 

 court of law serves upon you a written notice 

 to appear at a certain hour and give testimony 

 in a case in court, you must obey the command 

 or be liable for contempt of court (see CON- 

 TEMPT). The name applied to such a notice is 

 subpoena, which is Latin for under penalty. If 

 it is a subpoena duces tecum (bring with you 

 under penalty) it contains a clause demanding 

 that you bring to court certain papers, books or 

 other exhibits. 



SUBSIDY, sub'sidi. When the Union Pa- 

 cific Railroad was built the United States 

 granted the railway corporation tracts of public 

 land located along the line as a partial reim- 

 bursement for the vast sum of money expended 

 in building the railroad. Since then other great 

 railroads have received such important assist- 

 ance. Aid of this nature extended by a na- 

 tional, state or city government to some pri- 

 vate enterprise, for the purpose of helping it 

 become established on a firm financial basis, is 

 a subsidy, and the corporation or firm receiving 

 the aid is said to be subsidized. Premiums or 

 bounties on exports and bounties paid for kill- 

 ing animals are a form of subsidy. 



The wrong use of this sort of aid has led 

 many to think that any subsidy is a bribe; on 

 the contrary, in such instances as that of the 

 Union Pacific Railroad, it is a necessity and is 

 granted because the government believes that 

 the benefit derived from the enterprise will be 

 greater than its cost to the state. Merchant 

 marines are often built up by the granting of 

 ship subsidies. Before the War of the Nations 

 Germany gave $800,000 a year to the Hamburg- 

 American Line for the partial maintenance at 

 sea of- the great Vaterland, the Imperator and 

 other passenger vessels which could not be 

 made self-sustaining. This general policy built 



up a great merchant fleet for the German Em- 

 pire. Formerly in England a subsidy was a tax 

 levied upon individuals for special aid to the 

 king in times of stress. In English history it 

 has meant the financial aid rendered by the 

 nation to another at war. See BOUNTY. 



SUBTRACTION, sub Irak' shun, the process 

 of finding the difference between two numbers, 

 or of taking one number out of another. The 

 number subtracted is called the subtrahend. 

 The number out of which the subtrahend is 

 taken is called the minuend. The result is 

 called the remainder, or difference. 



Teaching of Subtraction. Addition and sub- 

 traction go hand in hand, but the latter is more 

 difficult of mastery because it is "association 

 backward," while addition is "association for- 

 ward." The mind readily turns the new prob- 

 lem of subtraction into the more familiar one 

 of addition. One well-known author on the 

 subject speaks of this translation of subtraction 

 into addition as "having the advantage of using 

 only one table for addition and subtraction and 

 of saving much time in operation." Another 

 refers to it as "primitive, barbarous, awkward 

 and time destroying." 



1. Sarah has 9 pennies and Tom has 5 pen- 

 nies. How many more has Sarah than Tom? 



ooooooooo 

 ooooo 



FIG. 1 



Sarah has 4 more. 



How many pennies must Tom get to have 

 as many as Sarah? He must get 4. 



In both the above cases we see that the dif- 

 ference between 5 and 9 is 4, and that 4 must 

 be added to 5 to get 9. In addition we say it 

 in this way: 5+w=9. When we have the 

 answer, we say 5+4=9. In subtraction we say 

 9 5=n, and having the answer, we say 95=4. 



Addition 



8 + 4 = 12 



9 + 7 = 16 



Subtraction 

 12-8=n 

 12 8 = 4 



16 9 = n 

 16 9 = 7 



In addition we say, "What number added to 

 8 gives 12?" In subtraction we say, "8 taken 

 out of or 'away from' 12 leaves what?" Those 

 who would always look at the problem from 

 the viewpoint of addition follow the well- 

 known "Austrian Method" of subtraction. 



2. Sarah had 9 pennies, and gave 5 to Tom. 

 How many pennies has she left? 



