SURABAYA 



5640 



SURGERY 



John Marshall, of Virginia. Appointed in 1801 

 by President Adams, and served until 1835. 

 William Gushing of Massachusetts was appointed 

 but declined the honor. See MARSHALL, JOHN. 



Roger B. Taney, of Maryland. Appointed in 

 1836 by President Jackson. He served until his 

 death in 1864. See TANEY, ROGER B. 



Salmon P. Chase, of Ohio. Appointed in 1864 

 by President Lincoln. He served until his death 

 in 1875. See CHASE, SALMON P. 



Morrison R. Walte, of Ohio. Appointed in 1874 

 by President Grant. He served until his death in 

 1888. 



Melville W. Fuller, of Illinois. Appointed in 

 1888 by President Cleveland. He died in 1910. 

 See FULLER, MELVILLE W. 



Edward D. White, of Louisiana, then an Asso- 

 ciate Justice, was appointed in December, 1910, 

 by President Taft. He is eligible to retirement. 

 See WHITE, EDWARD D. E.D.F. 



Consult Carson's History of the Supreme Court 

 of the United States, with Biographies of All 

 Justices; Moore's The Supreme Court and Uncon- 

 stitutional Legislation. 



SURABAYA, or SOERABAYA, soorrah 

 bah 'yah, the largest city of the island of Java, 

 and the capital of a residence (province) of 

 the same Jiame. It is situated on the northern 

 coast on the Surabaya Strait, and lies opposite 

 the small island of Madura. Surabaya is the 

 naval and military headquarters of the Dutch 

 East Indies, and is the most important com- 

 mercial center of Java. A fine government 

 house and a mint are among the principal 

 buildings, and a naval arsenal, also a cannon 

 foundry and shipbuilding yards are points of in- 

 terest. The exports include rice, cotton, coffee 

 and sugar. Population, about 150,100, includ- 

 ing more than 8,000 Europeans. See JAVA. 



SURAKARTA, or SOERAKARTA, soorah 

 kahr'tah, or SO'LO, the capital of the resi- 

 dency of Surakarta, Java, situated on the 

 navigable Pepe River, in the center of the 

 island. The town is connected by rail with 

 Jokjakarta, Surabaya and Samarang. A garri- 

 son and a fort are features of interest, and the 

 emperor of Surakarta, a sovereign in name 

 only, resides here, maintained in magnificence 

 by the Dutch. The chief exports are rice, cot- 

 ton, coffee and sugar. Population, about 118,- 

 000, including over 1,500 Europeans. 



SURAT, soorat' , the capital of the district 

 of Surat, in the province of Bombay, British 

 India, situated near the western coast, on the 

 Tapti River, about 150 miles north of the city 

 of Bombay (see map of Asia opposite page 

 417). For two centuries Surat was a city of 

 great commercial importance, and was classed 

 among the most populous cities of Asia, but it 

 has declined since the English East India Com- 



pany removed to Bombay. It rose to promi- 

 nence during the War of Secession in America, 

 when it became the shipping point for great 

 quantities of India cotton. The four Maham- 

 medan mosques, Parsee and Hindu temples, a 

 clock tower eighty feet high and a medieval 

 castle prominent on the river front are among 

 the chief points of interest. Textiles and small 

 ornamental objects are manufactured, and cot- 

 ton and grain are exported. A British military 

 camp is stationed at Surat. Population in 1911, 

 114,868. 



SURGERY, sur'jeri, a department of med- 

 ical science that has made extraordinary prog- 

 ress since the beginning of the nineteenth cen- 

 tury. Surgery attempts to cure disease and to 

 overcome the effects of injury by various op- 

 erations in which the surgeon's knife has a 

 prominent part. While this form of medical 

 practice was known to the ancient Egyptians 

 and to the Greeks and Romans, it did not be- 

 come a powerful force in saving human life 

 until the nineteenth century, when the use of 

 anesthetics became general, and Lister, Pasteur 

 and other scientists made known their marvel- 

 ous discoveries in the field of bacteriology. At 

 the present time the field in surgical practice is 

 almost without limit. 



Some of the most remarkable cures have 

 been effected in the case of abdominal diseases. 

 It is not considered an unusual operation, for 

 instance, to remove the affected part of a dis- 

 eased intestine, even several feet of it, and to 

 sew the severed ends together. Sometimes two 

 openings are made in the intestine, one above 

 the diseased part and one below. Then the 

 two openings, placed opposite each other, are 

 united, and the contents of the organ follow 

 the new route. An enlarged spleen, a diseased 

 gall bladder or a diseased kidney may be re- 

 moved and the patient make a complete re- 

 covery. Diseased kidneys are also opened 

 and drained and freed of abscesses, and a float- 

 ing kidney is sewed fast to the proper place of 

 attachment. These are but a few of the suc- 

 cessful operations that are performed by mod- 

 ern surgeons in treating diseases in the ab- 

 dominal cavity. Great advance has also been 

 made in the treatment of brain diseases. Tu- 

 mors and abscesses in this organ can be suc- 

 cessfully removed, cut arteries be secured, gun- 

 shot wounds cured, and pressure on the brain 

 corrected. Certain forms of epilepsy caused 

 by disease of the brain have been cured by 

 operation. Other triumphs of surgery are the 

 correction of squint (crossed eyes), grafting of 



