TALLOW 



5692 



TALMAGE 



to be one of the emigres of royalist tendencies, 

 and was forbidden to return to France. For 

 two years he remained in England, then went 

 to the United States, where he spent nearly 

 three years. 



Napoleon's Strong Aid. In 1796 he was al- 

 lowed to return to France, and through the 

 influence of Madame de Stael-Holstein secured 

 the post of minister of foreign affairs. He saw 

 that Napoleon was the coming man in the 

 country, aided in the moves by which the Di- 

 rectory was overthrown and the consulate es- 

 tablished, and as a reward was continued in his 

 position as foreign minister. In this office he ex- 

 erted himself to extend the power of Napoleon, 

 who made him grand chamberlain in 1804 when 

 the Empire was founded. Talleyrand was the 

 chief spirit in the formation of the Confedera- 

 tion of the Rhine and in the negotiations with 

 Prussia and Russia which, in 1807, culminated 

 in the Peace of Tilsit. Soon after this he re- 

 signed his office, and during the later years of 

 Napoleon's reign became the rallying center of 

 the discontented spirits who hoped for a return 

 of the old monarchy. He drew up the terms 

 of Napoleon's abdication, and at the Congress 

 of Vienna made use of his unusual diplomatic 

 powers to obtain concessions for France. 



After Louis XVIII was established on the 

 throne Talleyrand took little part in public 

 affairs, but when Louis Philippe became king 

 by the Revolution of 1830 he was sent as am- 

 bassador to England and succeeded in forming 

 the quadruple alliance of France, Great Britain, 

 Spain and Portugal. This was his last impor- 

 tant public act. Before his death he was recon- 

 ciled to the Church. 



Estimate of His Life. Talleyrand's name has 

 come to stand for all that is underhanded in 

 public affairs, and much censure has been 

 heaped upon him because he enriched himself 

 at the expense of the state. It is probable that 

 in many instances he was misjudged, but in any 

 case it is true that he piloted France several 

 times through troubled waters when no one else 

 could discern the wise course. A.MC c. 



Consult Lacombe's Talleyrand, the Man; Mc- 

 Cabe's Talleyrand: A Biographical Study. 



Related Subjects. The following articles in 

 these volumes will make clear certain references 

 in this sketch of Talleyrand: 

 Directory Napoleon I 



Emigres Stael-Holstein, Baron- 



Jacobins ess de 



Mirabeau, Count de States-General 



TALLOW, tal'o, a hard, white substance ob- 

 tained in the process of rendering animal fat, 



especially that of sheep, goats and cattle. It is 

 used extensively in the manufacture of soap, 

 candles and lubricants, and for dressing skins 

 and leathers; that which is of superior quality 

 is employed in the making of oleomargarine. 



Tallow is a mixture of the solid fats palmitin 

 and stearin, and of the liquid fat olein. When 

 pure it is whiter than lard and practically taste- 

 less, but the commercial product usually has a 

 yellowish tinge. It will not dissolve in water, 

 but is soluble in boiling alcohol. The best 

 grade is obtained from fat near the kidneys of 

 cattle. In one process of tallow making the 

 suet is cut into small pieces and heated over 

 water until the fat has melted; it is then tried 

 out. The tissues that are left are pressed to 

 obtain the tallow that may remain. Acid ren- 

 dering consists in boiling the fat with water and 

 sulphuric acid, which causes the tissues to dis- 

 solve. Tallow is also produced by melting the 

 suet in iron cylinders heated by steam under 

 pressure. A substance similar to animal tallow 

 is obtained from certain trees. See TALLOW 

 TREE. 



TALLOW TREE, the name of various trees 

 which produce a waxlike substance that may be 

 used like tallow for making candles. The tal- 

 low tree of China, which is the most widely 

 distributed, has been introduced into North 

 America and is becoming naturalized along the 

 coasts of Georgia and the Carolinas. At the 

 approach of winter the long, leathery leaves 

 become a deep red, and among them hang the 

 seeds, suspended by waxlike threads. The tal- 

 low, or wax, is obtained by crushing and boil- 

 ing both capsules and seed, and skimming off 

 the tallow as it rises. This substance is after- 

 wards melted and refined, and ordinary wax is 

 added to give a firmer consistency. It is used 

 chiefly for candles, but a scented soap of good 

 quality is also made from it, as it emits a 

 balsamic odor. The leaves furnish a black dye, 

 and the stem yields a resinous substance called 

 copal, used in making varnish. The bayberry, 

 or candleberry (which see), a small tree or 

 shrub, also furnishes wax used in making can- 

 dles. These burn slowly, but do not give a 

 strong light. 



TALMAGE, tal'mayj, THOMAS DsWiTT 

 (1832-1902), one of America's greatest clergy- 

 men and orators, was born at Bound Brook, 

 N. J., educated in New York University and 

 the Dutch Reformed Theological Seminary at 

 New Brunswick, N. J., and in 1856 was ordained 

 pastor of the Dutch Reformed Church, Belle- 

 ville, N. J. He began immediately to attract 



