TARGET 



5702 



TARIFF 



containing from four to seven pairs of leaflets, 

 and bears purple flowers resembling the pea 

 blossom. In Europe, because it flourishes in 

 poor soil, it is grown extensively for green fod- 

 der, and is used also for hay and as a fertilizer. 

 There are two varieties, the summer and the 

 winter tare, besides the wild tare. The plant 

 mentioned in the parable of the tares and wheat, 

 found in Matthew XIII, 24-30, was probably a 

 species of grass called darnel. 



TAR 'GET, a mark at which to shoot. The 

 name is derived from targo or target, a small, 

 round shield carried on the left arm and used 

 by Highlanders of Scotland until the seven- 

 teenth century. Targets to be shot at with ar- 

 rows, as in archery, are usually made of a can- 

 vas-covered frame filled with straw, with rings 

 surrounding the center, or bull's-eye. The tar- 

 gets for rifle shooting are usually square, white, 

 with a black bull's-eye, and two rings invisible 

 to the person shooting. If the bullet hits the 

 bull's-eye, five points are credited to the marks- 

 man; the inner circle counts three, and the 

 outer circle one, point. This kind of target 

 for military practice is now practically obso- 

 lete, except for elementary lessons in shooting. 

 Advanced practice targets consist of silhouettes 

 of men painted on canvas in natural colors, 

 head and shoulders, men lying down, mechan- 



ical running men and disappearing targets, which 

 bring the shooting practice as near as possible 

 to actual war conditions. 



Valcartier Camp, Quebec, is equipped with 

 what is considered the finest and most varied 

 shooting ranges in the world for military pur- 

 poses. 



There are to be found in nearly every town 

 in the United States shooting galleries where 

 marksmen may test their skill on payment of 

 a small sum, by shooting at a wide variety of 

 moving and stationary targets. 



An illustration of the standard target used in 

 archery is shown in the article ARCHERY. 



TARGUM, tahr'gum, a paraphrase of the 

 Old Testament, in Aramaic, the language used 

 by the Jews after the Exile, made for use in 

 the synagogue worship. At first the Targums 

 were merely spoken explanations of the He- 

 brew text, but they gradually took on a fixed 

 form and were reduced to writing. When the 

 law was read, the paraphrase was given after 

 it, verse by verse, but in case of the Prophets 

 three verses might be read and then the Tar- 

 gum. There are three targums extant on the 

 Pentateuch, one on the Prophets, and targums 

 on Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Song of Songs, Ruth, 

 Lamentations, Esther, Ecclesiastes and Chroni- 

 cles. See ARAMAIC. 



ARIFF, tair'ij, a list or schedule of du- 

 ties levied on goods sent to or arriving from 

 foreign lands. In its original meaning a tariff 

 was not a tax or duty, but rather a list of arti- 

 cles on which duties were levied. However, 

 for many years in law the word has meant both 

 the list and the rate, or duty. The word is 

 derived from the Spanish tarija and the French 

 tariffe, which mean a price list or rate book. 



Tariffs are levied for three purposes: (1) as 

 a means of obtaining revenue for a country; 

 (2) as a means of keeping out certain foreign 



articles while a nation is developing its own 

 manufactories for such goods; (3) and as a 

 means of punishing or retaliating upon other 

 nations for creating high rates. This last form 

 is seldom employed now, but its opposite, 

 reciprocity, whereby one nation lowers its du- 

 ties for another if the latter returns the favor, 

 is very common. A country which has a tar- 

 iff for revenue only, without attempting to se- 

 cure protection for its industries, is known as 

 a free-trade nation. The only important na- 

 tion which maintained practically free trade 



