TEMPERING 



5745 



TEMPLARS 



one receiving heat has a lower temperature 

 than the other. Temperature is measured by 

 the thermometer, an instrument having a 

 graduated scale of degrees between two fixed 

 points, the freezing point and the boiling point. 

 There are in general use two scales, Centigrade 

 (C.) and Fahrenheit (F.), the former having 

 the freezing point at zero (0) and the latter 

 32 above zero. The boiling points are re- 

 spectively 100 and 212. In theory there is a 

 point at which the vibrations constituting heat 

 cease, and this point (273 below Centigrade 

 zero) is known as the absolute zero of tempera- 

 ture. In practice this point has never been 

 reached, but it is used as a convenient standard 

 in scientific calculations. In physical geogra- 

 phy temperature refers to atmospheric condi- 

 tions in various localities. 



Related Subjects. In connection with this 

 brief discussion on temperature the reader may 

 consult the following articles in these volumes : 

 Centigrade Thermometer 



Climate Weather Bureau 



Heat Zone 



TEM'PERING, the process of imparting to 

 metals, principally iron and steel, a required 

 degree of hardness. In industry the term is 

 now almost exclusively restricted to hardening 

 steel. Numerous methods of tempering are in 

 use, but all depend upon the same principle 

 heating and cooling the metal. When iron or 

 steel is heated red hot and suddenly cooled in 

 water it becomes hard and brittle. Cast iron 

 is cooled so rapidly in the molds that it is brit- 

 tle. On the other hand, if allowed to cool 

 slowly, the iron or steel becomes soft and 

 flexible. Red-hot steel rods, when allowed to 

 cool slowly in the air, can be bent into any 

 desired form and are easily cut with a file or 

 metal saw. Between these extremes there are 

 many degrees of hardness, each adapting the 

 article to the special use for which it was de- 

 signed. 



To secure the requisite temper of a fine tool 

 requires skill and experience. To illustrate, in 

 tempering razors the blade is forged, and 

 when it is red hot the edge is dipped in water 

 for a moment to the depth of a half inch, then 

 withdrawn and quickly polished on an emery 

 belt. This part of the blade becomes heated 

 from the thicker part that was not immersed 

 in the water. As the temperature rises the 

 polished surface changes color. By experience 

 the workman knows from the color when the 

 required temperature is reached. He then 

 plunges the blade into water. 

 360 



The colors and the tools to which they apply 

 are: 



Pale yellow (about 430 F.) ; hammer faces, 

 planer tools, engravers' tools. 



Straw yellow (about 460 F.) ; dies, drills, 

 punches, etc. 



Brown yellow (about 500 F.) ; plane irons, 

 gouges, twist drills and coopers' tools. 



Light purple (about 530 F.) ; surgical instru- 

 ments, augers, cold chisels. 



Dark purple (about 550 F.) ; axes, springs, 

 saws, screw drivers and needles. 



TEM'PLARS, KNIGHTS, a military and re- 

 ligious organization founded at Jerusalem in 

 1118 or 1119. Nine French knights organized 

 it and bound themselves by vows of obedience, 

 poverty and chastity, and took as their special 

 work the protection of the Holy Sepulcher and 

 the defense of pilgrims to the sacred spots. 

 The society grew rapidly in numbers, though 

 only nobles or knights were at first admitted, 

 and its power increased rapidly. Though indi- 

 viduals were pledged to poverty, the order as a 

 whole had no such obligations, and along with 

 the special privileges granted it by the Pope 

 and various European rulers it acquired many 

 rich land holdings. At the height of its power 

 it is said to have possessed no fewer than 9,000 

 manors throughout Europe. Secular priests 

 were admitted to forward the specifically re- 

 ligious purposes and subordinate members for 

 the menial tasks, while the knights proper gave 

 all their time to fighting. 



At this they acquitted themselves splendidly, 

 and much of the history of what was most 

 effective in the Crusades is but a history of the 

 Templars. Their personal bravery was re- 

 markable, and during the long attempt to hold 

 Jerusalem for Christianity over 20,000 of them 

 met death on the field. The Latin kings of 

 Jerusalem gave them quarters in the palace, 

 which was built on the site of Solomon's Tem- 

 ple ; from this fact, the knights took their 

 name. Fighting side by side with them when 

 the struggle with the infidels was fiercest, and 

 opposing them in bitterest rivalry when condi- 

 tions were less compelling, was the other great 

 military and religious order, the Knights Hos- 

 pitalers of Saint John. 



The kings of Europe, impoverished in many 

 instances by the Crusades, looked with envy 

 upon the possessions of the Templars and de- 

 cided to gain them for themselves. King 

 Philip IV of France and Pope Clement V were 

 the leaders of this opposition, which in 1307 

 culminated in the death by torture of the grand 

 master and many knights and the disbanding 



