TITHES 



5819 



TITIAN 



in the earth called Tartarus, where he chained 

 them fast. Terra grieved over the loss of her 

 children, and urged her husband to set them 

 free; but whenever he heard their angry roars 

 he renewed his determination to keep them 

 where they were. 



Finally Terra grew very angry, and herself 

 descended into Tartarus, where she urged the 

 Titans to revenge themselves upon their father, 

 but all refused to undertake the heavy task 

 excepting Saturn, the youngest. Terra gave 

 him a scythe, released him from his chains, and 

 bade him set forth against his father. " Meeting 

 the latter unawares, Saturn defeated him by 

 means of the wonderful scythe, and wounded 

 him severely. So angry was Uranus that he 

 cursed his son and prophesied that some day he 

 too would be overthrown by his own child. 

 Saturn released his brothers and sisters, all of 

 whom consented to his ruling. He selected 

 Rhea for his wife, and assigned to each of the 

 others some portion of the earth. Later Jupiter 

 overthrew Saturn, and those Titans who did not 

 submit willingly to his rule were again confined 

 in Tartarus. 



TITHES, from the Anglo-Saxon teotha. 

 meaning a tenth part, usually refers to a tax 

 of one-tenth of the profit derived from the use 

 of. land. Moses established the custom of tithes 

 in levying upon the Jews a tax of one-tenth 

 of/ their possessions or profits to support the 

 priests. The Roman Catholic Church in the 

 sixth century arranged for payment of tithes 

 for the support of the Church, and later sev- 

 eral European countries established the custom 

 to help pay expenses of royalty. 



In England in 786 tithes were exacted for all 

 lands except those belonging to the Church 

 and Crown, payable in services or profit in 

 kind. These tithes are now paid in money for 

 the support of the parish in which the land is 

 held. 



By an old law, in Quebec the Roman Catho- 

 lic Church is supported by tithes. In the 

 United States no tax of this kind is levied ex- 

 cept by the Mormon Church, in which the law 

 is based upon the old Jewish custom. 



TITIAN, tish'an (1477-1576), universally 

 celebrated as one of the world's masters of 

 color, was the most eminent artist of the 

 Venetian school of painting during the Renais- 

 sance. His real name was TIZIANO VICELLIO; 

 Titian is a variation of Tiziano. 



Critics do not hesitate to give him a place 

 among the foremost painters of all time. Of 

 him it has been said, "He is a painter who by 



TITIAN 

 The original of this draw- 



wondrous magic of genius and of art satisfies 

 the eye." It was not his purpose to express 

 through his canvases intellectual ideas, but he 

 aimed to make his works splendid in their pic- 

 torial effect, and in this respect he was su- 

 premely success- 

 ful. Titian began 

 his art studies in 

 Venice in his 

 boyhood, and for 

 a long time he 

 was dominated by 

 one of his teach- 

 ers Giorgione 

 (which see). He 

 began to work 

 along independ- 

 ent lines about 



the year 1513. ing was The celebrated por- 

 During this sec- trait by himself ' 

 ond, or formative, period, which lasted until 

 1530, he produced several great altarpieces, in- 

 cluding the celebrated Assumption of the Vir- 

 gin, which is now in the Venetian Academy (for 

 description see ASSUMPTION). Among other 

 well-known canvases of this period are the 

 Pesaro Madonna, in the church of the Frari, 

 Venice; Holy Family, in the Louvre; Bacchus 

 and Ariadne, National Gallery, London, and a 

 Flora, in the Uffizi. 



By 1530 Titian's fame was firmly established 

 and he had attained a sure grasp of his art. 

 Life for him was thereafter a succession of 

 triumphs, and princes, dukes, cardinals, kings, 

 Pope Paul III and even the great Emperor 

 Charles V were among his patrons. In 1532 the 

 emperor commissioned him to paint his por- 

 trait, and so pleased was he with the completed 

 canvas that he made the artist court painter 

 and named him Knight of the Golden Spur and 

 Count Palatine. There are several Titian por- 

 traits of Charles V in existence, notably an 

 equestrian portrait of the emperor in full ar- 

 mor (Madrid). The artist also executed a 

 number of portraits of the emperor's son, Philip 

 II of Spain, and he portrayed Pope Paul III, 

 the Duke of Saxony, the Duke of Urbino and 

 his wife, and other persons of high position. 

 The picture of the wife of the Duke of Urbino, 

 Eleanora Gonzaga, now in the Uffizi, is one of 

 the most celebrated of the female Titian por- 

 traits. Probably his own daughter, Lavinia, 

 was his favorite subject. 



Religious and mythological paintings, too 

 numerous to treat comprehensively, were also 

 produced in this fruitful period of a long career. 



