TOCQUEVILLE 



5827 



TOGO 



ers to the Falls of Itaboca, about 470 miles 

 above the estuary; above this point there are 

 several reaches navigable for smaller boats, but 

 many falls and rapids make uninterrupted 

 travel impossible. The chief tributary is the 

 Araguaya, which meets the Tocantins 600 miles 

 above the Para. 



TOCQUEVILLE, tohkveel', ALEXIS CHARLES 

 HENRI CLEREL DE (1805-1859), a French states- 

 man and author, born at Verneuil and educated 

 for the law. In 1830 he became an assistant 

 magistrate at Versailles, but in the next year 

 resigned his office and with Gustave de Beau- 

 mont set out for America on a government mis- 

 sion to investigate the prison system. The 

 published report was of value, but of far 

 greater moment was his Democracy in America, 

 which gained him a wide reputation. In 1839, 

 after a visit to England, where he was most 

 enthusiastically received, he was elected to 

 the Chamber of Deputies, and in that body 

 opposed the government. After the Revolution 

 of 1848 he was Vice-President of the Assembly, 

 and for five months Minister of Foreign Affairs. 

 From 1851 until his death he lived in retire- 

 ment and in 1855 published The Ancient 

 Regime and the Revolution, which achieved a 

 tremendous success. 



TOGA, toh'ga, from the Latin tego, meaning 

 / cover, was the national garment of the Ro- 

 man male citizen, 

 numerous refer- 

 ences to which 

 occur in classic 

 Latin writings. 

 Originally it was 

 worn by both 

 men and women, 

 but the latter 

 eventually r e - 

 placed it by the 

 stola, both gar- 

 ments being worn 

 over the tunic. 

 The toga was a 

 piece of woolen 

 cloth, the exact 

 shape of which is 

 disputed by au- 

 thorities. Some 

 say that it had 

 the form of a segment of a circle, the chord of 

 the arc being about three times the height of 

 the wearer, and the height of the segment not 

 quite half the length of the chord. Others say 

 it was elliptical in shape and was folded length- 



ROMAN TOGA 



wise before being put on. One end was thrown 

 over the left shoulder and permitted to hang 

 down in front, while the rest of the garment was 

 drawn around the body and variously arranged, 

 the style of arrangement differing at various 

 periods of Roman history. 



The ordinary plain white garment of the 

 citizen was known as the toga pura. The toga 

 praetexta, having a border of purple, was worn 

 by curule magistrates and some priests, and also 

 by boys until they reached the age of sixteen. 

 The latter assumed the plain white toga (toga 

 virilis) at sixteen, an important event in the 

 life of every boy. At the celebration of a tri- 

 umph generals donned a purple or crimson toga 

 embroidered with gold (toga picta), which was 

 worn over a gold-embroidered tunic (tunica 

 palmata) ; this was also the garb of magistrates 

 presiding at games, and was adopted by Julius 

 Caesar as his regulation dress. A toga smaller 

 in size than the toga pura, having scarlet 

 stripes, worn by the consuls when they opened 

 the temple of Janus, and by certain other offi- 

 cers, was known as the trabea. The toga Can- 

 dida was the clean and artificially whitened 

 garment in which the candidate for office ap- 

 peared, while persons in mourning wore a soiled 

 and carelessly arranged toga (toga sordidd). 



The toga was so intimately associated with 

 the activities of the ancient Roman that it be- 

 came the distinctive badge of his citizenship, 

 and its importance is to-day reflected in cur- 

 rent speech. Thus the men who assume the 

 duties of lawmaking, especially Senators, are 

 said, in figurative language, to have "donned 

 the toga." B.M.W. 



Consult Johnston's The Private Life of the 

 Romans. 



TOGO, toh'go, HEIHACHIRO, Count (1847- 

 ) , a Japanese admiral and naval hero of the 

 Russo-Japanese War. He was born in Kago- 

 shima, of a family belonging to the military no- 

 bility. He entered the naval service at the 

 age of sixteen, later received instruction on the 

 British war vessel Worcester and at the Naval 

 College at Greenwich, and in 1894, while com- 

 manding the Naniwa, fired the first shot in the 

 Chinese-Japanese War. Promoted to rank of 

 vice-admiral in 1900, he was made commander 

 of the naval dockyards at Maizuru, and in that 

 capacity did much to build up the navy which 

 signally defeated the Russians in 1904-1905. 

 For his part in that struggle see the article 

 RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR. In 1912 Count Togo was 

 made admiral of the Japanese fleet, which in 

 1916 ranked fifth amo&g the world's navies. 



