TOLL 



5830 



TOLSTOI 



Fine shipping facilities and proximity to coal 

 and natural gas fields have stimulated the manu- 

 facturing industry. As the city has access to 

 the ores from the Lake Superior region and the 

 coal from West Virginia, Ohio and Pennsyl- 

 vania, large steel plants and blast furnaces have 

 been built here. The foundry and machine 

 shop products and plate glass and cut glass 

 made in Toledo have a wide .reputation for 

 excellence, and it has one of the largest winter- 

 wheat mills in the United States. Automobiles, 

 wagons and boats even those of the seagoing 

 class are extensively made here, and the grind- 

 ing of coffee and spices is another important in- 

 dustry. In 1917 one of .its automobile factories 

 was second in quantity of output in the United 

 States. There are several grain elevators and 

 a large number of wholesale and jobbing houses 

 in Toledo, and it is a foremost clover-seed mar- 

 ket. 



History. In 1833 the rival villages of Port 

 Lawrence and Vistula were united and the 

 name Toledo was chosen for the new town, in 

 honor of the old Moorish capital of Spain. The 

 opening of the Wabash and Erie Canal in 1843 

 and of the Miami and Erie Canal two years 

 later and the construction of steam railroads to 

 this point in 1837 were important factors in the 

 growth of the place. In 1846 it was incorpo- 

 rated as a city. What is known as the Toledo 

 War was a contest between the state of Ohio 

 and the territory of Michigan for the possession 

 of a district which included Toledo, in which 

 Ohio secured the strip. W.A.P. 



TOLL, tohl, a tax or duty paid for the exer- 

 cise of a liberty, privilege or advantage. The 

 word itself is derived from a Greek word for 

 tax, and originally meant something counted; 

 as tax collectors had to count sheep and many 

 other things, the idea of counting became asso- 

 ciated with taxes. At first any kind of a tax 

 was a toll; later it was only a special tax, as 

 defined above. 



One of the commonest forms of tolls was that 

 which confronted every traveler over turnpikes 

 in the- United States and . Canada during the 

 greater part of the nineteenth century. At 

 regular intervals a gate was placed across the 

 road, to be raised only after the traveler had 

 paid toll. The charge varied, that for a man 

 on horseback being perhaps half that for a team 

 and wagon, and usually five or ten cents. Such 

 tollgates are still found in many parts of Eu- 

 rope, but they have practically passed out of 

 existence in North America. The proceeds of 

 this tax were used to pay for repairs, thus mak- 



ing it possible to maintain fairly good roads 

 even in sparsely-settled regions. 



Another form of toll, still common in Europe, 

 is the bridge toll. Such tolls are paid to the 

 owners of the bridge, usually a municipality, 

 and are seldom more than the equivalent of 

 one or two cents per person. The fare charged 

 by a ferryman is sometimes called a toll; so 

 also is the fee, in cash or in grain, charged by 

 a miller for grinding grain into flour. The 

 charges by canal and railway companies were 

 formerly called toll, but are now more gener- 

 ally spoken of as fare. In the United States 

 the regulation of toll charges on highways and 

 bridges is a subject for state legislation; charges 

 on rivers or in harbors for docking or other 

 privileges are under the control of Congress. 



Tolls are also of international significance. 

 Formerly the navigation of the Scheldt and of 

 The Sound was restricted by tolls levied re- 

 spectively by Holland and Denmark. Modern 

 international law, however, no longer accepts 

 the right of a nation to charge for the use or 

 navigation of natural waters. Tolls are charged 

 on a number of canals of international impor- 

 tance, namely the Suez, the Sault Sainte Marie, 

 and the Panama. The charges are moderate, 

 and are designed merely to pay the cost of 

 maintenance and interest on the capital in- 

 vested. W.F.Z. 



TOLSTOI, tahlstoi'> (also spelled TOLSTOY), 

 COUNT LYOFF NIKOLAYEVITCH (1828-1910), a Rus- 

 sian novelist and essayist, born at Yasnaya Po- 

 lyana, September 9, 1828. His family, originally 

 from Germany, belonged to the wealthiest class 

 of the Russian nobility, and the boy received 

 every advantage of education and cultured en- 

 vironment. He was educated at the University 

 of Kazan, Russia, but was in constant revolt 

 against the strict doctrinal teachings and nar- 

 row views of the institution. Kazan was a 

 center for Russian social festivities, but the 

 balls and fetes disgusted him, and he withdrew 

 more and more to himself for reading and re- 

 flection. He passed from one department to 

 another at the university to history, Eastern 

 languages, religion and law and found no satis- 

 faction in any of them. 



Service in the Army. In 1847 he left the 

 school, broken in health and disturbed about 

 his mental and moral condition. At home he 

 found misery and rebellion among his serfs, and 

 vainly undertook to bring happiness and pros- 

 perity again to his estates. Almost in despair, 

 he gave himself up for a time to gambling and 

 carousing, but his nature was too noble for such 



