TOMB 5833 



Boys' and Girls' Clubs Pood Products, 

 Canning Clubs Preservation of 



Gardening 



TOMB, loom, any chamber wherein the dead 

 are buried, whether hollowed out of the rock or 

 built above ground. Often a tomb is a com- 

 bination of these two types. Like most burial 

 customs, the use of tombs among the ancients 

 was originally an outgrowth of a belief in the 

 immortality of the soul. The Egyptians, for 

 instance, believed that a man's ka, or double, 

 haunted his burial place, waiting its time to 

 reinhabit the body, and they consequently 

 carved or painted on the walls of their tombs 

 objects in which the deceased had been inter- 

 ested. Tombs were very common among the 

 Egyptians, as indeed they were among almost 

 all Oriental people. The Pyramids are the 

 most impressive examples of their peculiar form 

 of sepulchral architecture, but no less interest- 

 ing are the tombs hewn in the rocks, with their 

 numerous chambers and labyrinthine passages. 

 The Jews made use of such rock burial places; 

 Christ was placed in a new rock sepulchre be- 

 longing tc Joseph of Arimathea. 



The Greeks, too, made use of both types of 

 tombs, the older form being the rock hewn. 

 Their raised tombs were for the most part very 

 simple affairs, although in the colonies in Asia 

 Minor very elaborate structures existed. The 

 most famous of these, accounted one of the 

 Seven Wonders of the World, was the tomb of 

 Mausolus, in Caria, from which the word mau- 

 soleum is derived. The Romans gave far more 

 attention than did the Greeks to the erection 

 of memorials to the dead, and along the Appian 

 Way were numerous tombs, most noted of 

 which was the tomb of Hadrian. Other Roman 

 cities, too, had streets lined with tombs, as has 

 been shown by the excavations at Pompeii. A 

 special type developed in some parts of Italy 

 consisted of numerous niches hewn into the 

 rock, wherein were placed all the dead of a 

 family, or even of a small community. The 

 Mohammedans made much of sepulchral archi- 

 tecture; taking as their favorite form the cir- 

 cular, domed tomb which they modified and 

 elaborated until it resulted in such exquisite 

 structures as the Taj Mahal, perhaps the most 

 beautiful building ever erected. 



In the Middle Ages burial in churches be- 

 came common, and the most important tombs 

 of the period are to be found there. These me- 

 morials were of various forms, but the favorite 

 was a stone coffin or sarcophagus, on which 

 rested a recumbent figure of the deceased, the 



TONE 



whole surmounted by a canopy of great elabo- 

 rateness and beauty. In modern times tomb 

 architecture has declined, until there is seldom 

 seen a structure which really merits great ad- 

 miration. The most impressive public monu- 

 ment of this kind in the United States is the 

 tomb of U. S. Grant, on Riverside Drive, in 

 New York City. A.MCC. 



Consult Weaver's Memorials and Monuments, 

 Old and New. 



Related Subject*. The reader may consult In 

 this connection the following articles : 



Burial Mausoleum 



Catacombs Mummy 



Coffin Napoleon I, page 4066 



Cremation Pyramids 



Embalming Sarcophagus 



Epitaph Taj Mahal 



Grant, Ulysses S., Towers of Silence 



page 2572 



TOMBIG'BEE, a river which rises in the 

 northeastern corner of Mississippi, winds south 

 and southeast through Alabama and joins the 

 Alabama River. These two rivers unite to form 

 the Mobile River (which see). The Tombigbee 

 is 450 miles long and can be navigated 410 

 miles, as far as Aberdeen, Miss., a manufactur- 

 ing town whose water power is supplied by this 

 river. Its largest tributary is the Black War- 

 rior. 



TOM 'TIT. See TITMOUSE. 



TON, in the English system a measure of 

 weight and capacity, equal to twenty hundred- 

 weight. In Great Britain and America a stand- 

 ard hundredweight is equal to 112 pounds, and 

 the ton is therefore equal to 2,240 pounds. In 

 America, however, a ton of 2,000 pounds is in 

 common use, the heavier ton being known as 

 the long ton and the lighter as the short ton. 

 By United States law a ton must contain 2,240 

 pounds unless otherwise specified. United 

 States customhouses always weigh by the long 

 ton. Coal and iron ore are weighed and sold 

 at the mines by the long ton, but coal is bought 

 by consumers by the short ton. As the whole- 

 salers lose something by waste and shrinkage in 

 transportation and handling, this difference in 

 ton standard practically covers the loss. . 



The ton as a measure of capacity contains 

 forty cubic feet. It is used for estimating ship 

 cargoes and carloads. See TONNAGE. 



TONE, a musical term denoting the sound 

 made by the vibrations of a piano, violin, harp 

 ,or other musical instrument or by the human 

 voice. Tones differ from one another in quality, 

 pitch, intensity and duration. For a full dis- 

 cussion of this subject see Music, page 4021. 



