TONNAGE 



5835 



TONTY 



mate, the population was 6,119,720 in 1911. 

 The inhabitants consist of Annamese and va- 

 rious other primitive Asiatics, Chinese and 

 Europeans, .the latter numbering about 6,000. 

 Hannoi (which see), the capital of French 

 Indo-China, is the chief city of Tonkin. The 

 principal port, Haiphong, has a fine harbor and 

 is connected with Hannoi by rail. The pro- 

 tectorate has been under French control since 

 1885, and has been a part of French Indo-China 

 since 1887. 



In the delta region of the Red River, a dis- 

 trict covering 5,000 square miles, rice, the lead- 

 ing agricultural product, is raised in large quan- 

 tities. Other products include corn, sugar cane, 

 cotton, coffee, fruits and tobacco. The cultiva- 

 tion of silkworms is an important industry, and 

 silk weaving is carried on at Hannoi and Hai- 

 phong. About two-fifths of the raw silk is 

 exported. Copper, coal and iron are mined to 

 a limited extent, but the mineral resources of 

 the protectorate have not as yet been thor- 

 oughly exploited. An important transit trade 

 between Hong-kong and the Chinese province 

 of Yunnan is carried on by way of Tonkin, 

 and the foreign trade of the protectorate is 

 rapidly developing. 



TONNAGE, tun' ay j, the carrying capacity of 

 a ship, measured in cubic tons. The gross 

 register contains 100 cubic feet, and this is the 

 unit of measurement used in assessing dock and 

 harbor dues and in fixing the fee for towing. 

 Gross tonnage is ascertained by dividing the 

 volume (number of cubic feet) of the interior 

 of the ship's hull and deck houses by 100. On 

 freighters, forty cubic feet of merchandise is 

 regarded as a ton unless it should happen to 

 exceed 2,000 pounds, in which case payment is 

 by weight. To accommodate a rapidly ex- 

 panding traffic in ore, coal and grain on the 

 Great Lakes, American builders have produced 

 vessels of enormous tonnage, which are capable 

 of carrying over 16,000 gross tons. They are 

 larger than most ocean freighters. The ton- 

 nage of some of the world's great passenger ves- 

 sels is given in the article SHIP. 



TONSIL, tahn'sil, a soft, almond-shaped 

 body lying in the back of the mouth, in front 

 of the pharynx. There are two tonsils, one on 

 each side of the throat. These organs seem to 

 have no special purpose, and when they be- 

 come inflamed they are a source of pain and 

 annoyance. Not only do diseased tonsils cause 

 tonsillitis and quinsy, but they are often the 

 seat of infection, producing rheumatism and 

 other ailments. The tonsils may be removed 



without danger, and such removal is advisable 

 if they are permanently affected. $ee TONSIL- 

 LITIS; QUINSY; EDUCATION, subtitle Hygiene of 

 Education, page 1946. 



TONSILLITIS (less correctly spelled TON- 

 BILJTIS) , is a pain- 

 ful disease result- 

 ing from inflamed 

 tonsils. It is 

 caused by lodg- 

 ment of disease 

 germs in one or 

 both of the ton- 

 sils, accompanied 

 by a condition of 

 bodily weakness T nwnT 



t i , , A lU.NbJ.Li 



which lessens the The right tonsll Is Bhown 

 patient's resist- at a - 



ance to these germs. Ovenvork, taking cold 

 and dissipation are some of the predisposing 

 causes. Attacks of tonsillitis are most common 

 between the ages of ten and forty. An attack 

 begins with swelling and pain in the throat, and 

 difficulty in swallowing. Fever, violent head- 

 ache, backache, stiff neck and nausea occur as 

 symptoms in severe cases, and if an abscess 

 forms in the throat the attack develops into 

 quinsy (which see). 



Tonsillitis is not usually fatal, but many re- 

 curring attacks tend to make the tonsils per- 

 manently diseased, and in that case they are a 

 source of danger to the health. Such tonsils 

 should be removed. (For suggestions on this 

 subject see the subhead Diseased Tonsils in the 

 article EDUCATION, page 1946.) Mild cases of 

 tonsillitis usually yield to treatment which in- 

 cludes rest in bed, hot or cold compresses on 

 the neck, and the administration of purgatives, 

 but a serious attack should have the attention 

 of a reliable physician. C.B.B. 



TONSURE, tahn'shure, the cutting or shav- 

 ing of the hair to denote dedication to clerical 

 or monastic life. In the Roman Catholic and 

 Greek churches the act is one of preparation 

 for receiving Holy Orders, and is performed by 

 the bishop. Clerical tonsure was mentioned as 

 early as the fifth century, and in the Middle 

 Ages the practice became universal. Various 

 modes of cutting the hair were adopted in dif- 

 ferent countries; the tonsure of Peter left only 

 a ring of hair around the head, and the tonsure 

 of James consisted in shaving the front part of 

 the head from ear to ear. 



TONTY or TONTI, tohn'te, HENRI DE (about 

 1650-about 1704), an Italian explorer, the 

 trusted companion of La Salle. He was born in 



