TOULON 



5848 



TOURMALINE 



and the mucous membranes. The delicacy of 

 the sense varies in different parts of the body. 

 It is most highly developed on the tip of the 

 tongue and least developed on the back of the 

 shoulders. The tips of the fingers and end of 

 the nose are other sensitive areas. In such 

 regions the end organs are very numerous. 

 Scientists measure the acuteness of this sense 

 by using an instrument having two needle points 

 operated like the points of a compass. In a 

 section of great sensitiveness these two points 

 can be separately felt when but a fraction of an 

 inch apart. The distance at the tip of the 

 tongue is 1.1 millimeters (about %5 inch), as 

 compared with 66 millimeters (about 2.6 inches) 

 on the back of the shoulders. 



The sense of touch is very closely related to 

 pain .and temperature sensations, and some 

 authorities consider these latter to be varieties 

 of touch sensations. As is known from common 

 experience, slight pressure can be increased un- 

 til the original sense of touch becomes defi- 

 nitely a sensation of pain, and sensations of 

 warmth and cold are experienced by certain 

 points on the skin. Authorities have located 

 30,000 spots on the skin of the trunk and limbs 

 from which the sense of warmth is conveyed to 

 the brain, and over 200 ,000 '"cold spots" have 

 been identified. The importance of developing 

 the tactile sense is recognized by modern edu- 

 cators, and touch exercises have a place in all 

 kindergarten and Montessori schools. In the 

 acquisition of knowledge touch is as important 

 as sight. It is through the training of this 

 sense that Helen Keller, blind and deaf from 

 infancy, can read, write and speak. C.B.B. 



See SENSES, SPECIAL, and the list of related 

 subjects there given. 



TOULON, too' Ion, the chief naval port of 

 France on the Mediterranean coast, situated 

 about forty-two miles southeast of Marseilles. 

 At Toulon, in 1793, Napoleon first rose to emi- 

 nence as commander of artillery, when the fort 

 was retaken by the French from the British. 

 Its docks have an area of 740 acres, and there 

 are eighty acres of deep-water floating docks, 

 which will hold the largest ships. The city has 

 two sections the older one, in the southern 

 part, with narrow, crooked streets, and the 

 newer one, with fine avenues, modern buildings, 

 public squares and a beautiful promenade. The 

 vast marine hospital, the arsenal, covering 650 

 acres, the Church of Sainte Marie-Majeure and 

 the museum, in Renaissance style, are points of 

 interest. The cjiief industries are shipbuilding, 

 lace making, fishing, the cultivation of grapes 



and iron and copper founding. Population in 

 1911, 104,582. 



TOULOUSE, toolooz' , an important com- 

 mercial and industrial center of Southwestern 

 France, capital of the department of Haute- 

 Garonne. It is situated on the Garonne River 

 and at the junction of the Lateral and Du Midi 

 canals, and is 130 miles southeast of Bordeaux 

 and 443 miles southwest of Paris. Though 

 Toulouse has many narrow, poorly-paved 

 streets, a system of wide boulevards extends 

 from the city to its suburbs, and there are a 

 few fine avenues within the municipality. 



The city streets radiate from a central square 

 called the Place du Capitole. Within this 

 square is the old town hall, the seat of an 

 ancient literary institution (dating from 1324) 

 called the Academy of the Floral Games. Its 

 members participate in annual poetical tourna- 

 ments. Toulouse has a number of fine churches, 

 and is the seat of several educational institu- 

 tions, including a university founded by Pope 

 Gregory IX in the thirteenth century. The 

 municipal library has over 213,000 volumes. 

 The city has an extensive trade in grain and 

 wine, and manufactories of tobacco, cannon, 

 vehicles and farm machinery. Population in 

 1911 (including suburbs), 149,576. 



TOURGEE, toorzha', ALBION WINEGAR (1838- 

 1905), an American novelist, born at Williams- 

 field, Ohio, and educated at the University of 

 Rochester. Before his graduation he enlisted in 

 the Federal army; he was wounded at Bull 

 Run, given a furlough and later taken prisoner 

 at Murfreesboro. At the close of the war he 

 entered the legal profession, and in 1868 was 

 appointed judge of the superior court of North 

 Carolina. In 1897 he was made United States 

 consul at Bordeaux, France, and six years later 

 was transferred to a similar position in Halifax, 

 Nova Scotia. Tourgee's numerous works are 

 chiefly concerned with the Ku-Klux Klan and 

 other phases of Reconstruction times in the 

 South. A Fool's Errand, a Ku-Klux story, is 

 the best known of his books, and among the 

 others are An Appeal to Caesar, Bricks without 

 Straw, Hot Plowshares and Black Ice. 



TOURMALINE, toor'malin, a common but 

 beautiful mineral which crystallizes in the hex- 

 agonal system and is found chiefly in granite, 

 gneiss and mica schist. The mineral is harder 

 than quartz and will easily scratch glass, but 

 its exact constitution has not been determined 

 by scientists. There are three types of tourma- 

 line, differentiated according to the oxides pres- 

 ent the black, or iron, tourmalines ; the brown, 



