TOUSSAINT 



5850 



TOWER OF LONDON 



Loire, in the department of Indre-et-Loire, of 

 which it is the capital. It is 145 miles south- 

 west of Paris. Among the prominent features 

 of the city are handsome boulevards, a public 

 square containing the imposing Palace of Jus- 

 tice, a beautiful French-Gothic cathedral begun 

 in the twelfth century, and many fine statues of 

 eminent men. In the vicinity are the ruins of 

 a chateau of Louis XI. There are a number 

 of art schools, museums and other educational 

 institutions in Tours, and a public library of 

 170,000 volumes. The important industrial es- 

 tablishments include printing works and manu- 

 factories of steel, silks, leather goods, pottery, 

 chemicals and machinery. 



Tours is the Caesarodunum of the ancient 

 Romans. It attained great prominence as a 

 center of silk manufacture in the fifteenth cen- 

 tury, and was often the meeting place of the 

 States-General. In 1871, during the Franco- 

 German War, it was occupied by the Germans. 

 Population in 1911, 73,398. 



TOUSSAINT, toosaN', FRANQOIS DOMI- 

 NIQUE (1743-1803), a statesman, revolutionist 

 and patriot of Haiti, known as TOUSSAINT 

 L'OuvERTURE. He was a full-blooded negro, 

 born in Haiti of slave parents. When affairs 

 in French Haiti became troubled after the out- 

 break of the French Revolution, Toussaint be- 

 came a leader in a slave rising, but when the 

 National Convention in France proclaimed free- 

 dom to all the slaves he came with his forces 

 to the assistance of the French against the Span- 

 iards. By 1796 he had won such confidence 

 that he was made commander-in-chief of the 

 French troops on the island, and drove out the 

 British, who by that time were attempting con- 

 quest. 



Three years later a sharp struggle took place 

 between the negro and the mulatto population, 

 and at its close Toussaint, leader of the former, 

 found himself the real ruler of the island. He 

 exercised a wise and beneficent sway, and the 

 island had a period of almost unprecedented 

 prosperity; but Napoleon I, the dictator of 

 France, saw in the elevation of Toussaint to 

 the Presidency of Haiti a step toward inde- 

 pendence, and sent an army to compel submis- 

 sion. By false promises Toussaint was induced 

 to submit, and was then treacherously seized 

 and carried to France, where he died in cap- 

 tivity. 



He was a true patriot and an upright man, 

 to whose noble qualities Wendell Phillips did 

 full justice in one of his most famous speeches, 

 Toussaint L'Ouverture. 



Consult Mossell's Toussaint L'Ouverture: The 

 Hero of Saint Domingo. 



TOWER, tou'er. Towers have been built 

 from early times as places of defense, as ob- 

 servation points, as ornamental structures and 

 for other purposes. They have served as pris- 

 ons, as places of refuge, as campaniles and as 



MEDIEVAL AND MODERN TOWERS 

 () Bell tower of the cathedral at Seville, 

 Spain ; ( b ) tower of the Metropolitan Life Insur- 

 ance Building, New York City, reaching forty-six 

 stories above the sidewalk. 



lighthouses, and they have been built as single 

 edifices and as parts of churches, mosques, for- 

 tifications and castles. In addition to the ac- 

 companying illustration, the use of the tower in 

 modern building is shown on page 322, in an 

 illustration of the Woolworth Building, New 

 York City. Some of the beautiful towers of 

 great cathedrals are pictured in the article 

 CATHEDRAL, page 1228. Among other famous 

 towers are the White Tower of the Tower of 

 London; the Eiffel Tower in Paris, the highest 

 structure in the world; the leaning Tower of 

 Pisa, and the Campanile at Florence. 



Related Subjects. For descriptions and illus- 

 trations of various towers see the following arti- 

 cles : 



Architecture Minaret 



Campanile Pisa 



Eiffel Tower Round Towers 



Lighthouse Tower of London 



TOWER OF LONDON, a group of buildings 

 comprising an old feudal fortress and a prison, 

 now used by the British Department of War 

 as an armory. It is to the east of London, on 

 the north bank of the Thames, and just outside 

 the limits of the old walled city. The shallow 

 moat includes a space of thirteen acres, which 

 is surrounded also by a high wall, and within 



