TRACERY 



5853 



TRACHEA 



Middle Ages probably fashioned for themselves 

 standards ornamented with the Cross of the 

 Crusaders. 



There is one curious thing about those toys 

 vvhich have been preserved from the Middle 

 Ages, and that is the infinite care and fine 

 workmanship which are everywhere visible. 

 There were no special toy makers in those days, 

 and the goldsmith who made the elaborate 

 ornaments for the cathedral not infrequently 

 condescended to carve miniature soldiers or 

 horses for the children of his wealthy patrons. 



Every advance in science left its mark on the 

 toy making of the day. When the balloon 

 ascensions of the Montgolfier brothers were 

 holding the attention of the world (see page 

 559), children everywhere were amusing them- 

 selves with toy balloons and were climbing to 

 high places in order to launch toy parachutes. 

 When 'automobiles became practicable and 

 common, the toy machine followed close upon 

 the real one, and in these later days there is 

 scarcely a boy with any hint of ingenuity who 

 has not busied himself with make-believe flying 

 machines. 



The making of toys has become a vast in- 

 dustry in recent years. For a long time, how- 

 ever, the manufacture of these child necessities 

 was practically confined to Europe, the French 

 making the costly and beautiful toys, the Ger- 

 mans the simpler and less artistic ones. Until 

 the last years of the nineteenth century there 

 was not a doll factory in the United States. 

 The change had begun before the outbreak of 

 the War of the Nations; a larger and larger 

 proportion of the toys of American and Cana- 

 dian children was being made in America. 

 During that struggle importations of foreign 

 toys almost ceased, and it became evident that 

 the hundreds of American factories could turn 

 out toys which were more attractive than the 

 imported ones, and which were almost as cheap. 

 Winchendon, Mass., is the greatest toy center 

 in the United States, nearly every enterprise in 

 the town being a toy factory. A.MCC. 



Consult Adams' Toy-Making at Home; Rich's 

 When Mother Lets Us Make Toys; Bailey's Boys' 

 Make-at-Home Things; Jackson's Toys of Other 

 Days. 



Related Subjects. The reader may refer to 

 the following 1 articles in these volumes : 

 Child Kindergarten 



Dolls, Paper Play 



Games and Plays 



TRACERY, trays' eri, a term in architecture 

 which refers to the intersecting rib work, bands 

 and fillets in the upper part of Gothic windows, 



used to support the glass and for ornamenta- 

 tion. It is also applied to the interlaced work 

 of a vault, walls or panels in Gothic churches 

 and cathedrals. The art of tracery was first 

 practiced in Gothic architecture in France, in 

 the early part of the thirteenth century. It 



FAN TRACERY 



Example from the vault of Henry VII's chapel, 

 Westminster Abbey. 



was then used in window ornamentation, but 

 has gradually extended to almost every part of 

 church buildings. 



The chief forms of tracery include the geo- 

 metric, with bars or ribs all about the same dis- 

 tance from one another; the flowing, with free, 

 curving lines; and the flamboyant, with flow- 

 ing and swaying lines. The latter is an elabora- 

 tion of the flowing style. 



Fan Tracery, a form of ornamentation used 

 on the surface of vaults (see VAULT). It is an 

 elaborate, carved tracery which spreads out like 

 the folds of a fan. 



TRACHEA, tra'kea, the scientific name for 

 the principal air tube in the body, which is 

 commonly spoken of as the windpipe. The 

 trachea starts at the larynx, and can be felt 

 in the front part of the neck as a section of 

 hard ridges. It ends with the bronchial tubes, 

 and through these structures communicates with 

 the lungs (see illustration, page 3536). In an 

 adult the windpipe is about three-fourths of an 

 inch in diameter. It consists of a supporting 

 layer of connective and muscular tissue, lined 

 with mucous membrane, and its walls are kept 

 from collapsing by incomplete rings of hard 

 cartilage, which enclose the tube at the front 

 and on the sides. The back of the tube rests 

 against the oesophagus. On the surface of the 

 mucous membrane there is a layer of cells, each 

 of which terminates in a tuft of tiny threads. 

 These delicate hairs, or cilia, are constantly 



