TRACHYTE 



5854 



TRADE-MARK 



moving back and forth, and their purpose is to 

 force dust particles and bits of mucus away 

 from the lungs. C.B.B. 



Related Subjects. In connection with this 

 subject the reader should consult the following 

 articles : 



Breath and Breathing Larynx 

 Nose. Lungs 



TRACHYTE, tra' kite, a volcanic rock con- 

 sisting chiefly of sanidine and feldspar. The 

 name is derived from a Greek word meaning 

 rough, and was applied because the presence 

 of small cavities in the rocks makes the broken 

 surfaces of specimens very irregular. In color 

 trachyte ranges from pale gray to black; it 

 has conspicuous crystals of feldspar scattered 

 through it, giving it the appearance of por- 

 phyry (which see). The Black Hills in South 

 Dakota, and sections in Wyoming, Colorado and 

 Montana are the only regions in the United 

 States where trachyte is found. It occurs in 

 great abundance along the River Rhine and in 

 Italy, France and the Azores. 



TRACTION ENGINE, Irak' shun en' jin, or 

 TRACTOR, trak' tor, a name applied to a va- 

 riety of self-propelling machines used in farm 

 operations, for hauling loads and in road build- 

 ing. In such work it is rapidly supplanting the 

 horse. There are many types in use. A stand- 

 ard pattern of steam tractor has a high-pres- 

 sure engine and a horizontal boiler mounted 

 on four wheels, the rear ones being equipped 

 with broad, roughened tires that can travel over 

 any kind of ground without slipping. The 

 forward wheels, which are smaller than the 

 others, are connected with a steering mecha- 

 nism. The engine has an adjustable gear by 

 which it can be attached to the rear wheels 

 when the operator wishes to have the machine 

 propelled; when the power is used for oper- 

 ating machinery the gear is detached. 



Since the internal-combustion engine (see 

 GAS ENGINE) has been made commercially 

 practicable, many types of gasoline-power trac- 

 tors have come into use, especially on small 

 farms. Among these is the steel "mule" trac- 

 tor, which is attached to plows and other im- 

 plements. Some of these tractors are designed 

 to use kerosene or other low-grade fuel after 

 the motor has been started by gasoline. A late 

 substitute for the horse is a one-wheel tractor 

 which can be turned in a complete circle. The 

 power plant, driver's seat and driving appara- 

 tus are mounted with the wheel and turn with 

 it. One of its special advantages is that it can 

 be managed easily in places where there is lit- 



tle room in which to move. *iPhe self-propelled, 

 combined harvester and tractor is equipped 

 with an internal-combustion engine which fur- 

 nishes power both for propulsion and for cut- 

 ting, thrashing and binding the grain. 



The average price of tractors which use gaso- 

 line for motive power has decreased from about 

 $1,000 to less than $500. The greatest manu- 

 facturer of automobiles in the world announced 

 in 1916 that he had perfected a tractor for use 

 on farms which could be sold for $200, but 

 manufacturing necessities due to the entrance 

 of America into the War of the Nations post- 

 poned its manufacture. 



TRADE-MARK, a mark, sign, device or pic- 

 ture printed or stamped on manufactured goods 

 for purposes of identification. The trade-mark 

 is an outgrowth of a desire on the part of 

 manufacturers to place goods for which they 

 have won a reputation beyond the range of 

 imitation, and to afford the public ready means 

 of identifying goods with which -they have be- 

 come accustomed and which they have found 

 satisfactory. In olden times a producer sought 

 to identify himself with the quality of his 

 work; for example, the shoemaker naturally 

 wished to be known as "Tom Jones, the shoe- 

 maker." In a small community nobody ever 

 thought of shoes without thinking of Tom 

 Jones, or of Tom Jones without thinking of 

 the good shoes he made. So long as business 

 was personal, Jones's products needed no other 

 identification. But modern business is not per- 

 sonal ; the user of an article seldom knows who 

 made it. Thus there arose a need for a name 

 or a mark which the public could be taught to 

 associate with a certain article. 



Although trade-marks have been in existence 

 for centuries, their present importance and legal 

 position are a product of modern industrial 

 conditions. As recently as the middle of the 

 eighteenth century the English courts declared 

 that a trade-mark did not exist in the sense in 

 which the term is now used; if one man could 

 use a mark, anybody could use it. In 1803 

 the English courts first attempted to prevent 

 fraudulent use of another person's trade-mark. 

 The first United States statute on the subject 

 was passed in 1870, but the statute now in 

 force was passed in 1906. 



What Constitutes a Good Trade-Mark. Al- 

 though a trade-mark may consist of merely a 

 signature, a picture, a sentence 'or symbol, the 

 selection of what would be considered a good 

 trade-mark is by no means easy. Trade-marks 

 can now be protected by law, but words in 



