TRADE -MARK 



5855 



TRADE WINDS 



everyday use cannot be called trade-marks and 

 cannot be registered as such. Such expressions 

 as "Superior Hats," "Best Quality Leather," 

 "Finest Teas," cannot be registered as trade- 

 marks. A coined word, suggesting the goods or 

 their qualities, a striking design also bearing 

 some definite relation to the articles to be 

 marked, or some unique phrase is usually 

 sought, and so widely advertised do many of 

 these trade-marks become that the sight of 

 them is sufficient at once to suggest the arti- 

 cles they stand for. 



Value of Trade-Marks. It would be quite 

 impossible to state the value that attaches to 

 certain trade-marks owned by producers who 

 have built up splendid reputations for goods 

 backed by solid worth. Were it proper to 

 mention some articles of general merchandise 

 the following illustrations would be more force- 

 ful. A competitor of a stove-polish maker 

 whose trade-mark is known in every home of- 

 fered a million dollars solely for that trade- 

 mark. He did not want his rival's factory nor 

 his selling organization simply the name was 

 required but the successful company placed a 

 higher value upon the device, and would not 

 sell. The soap business presents at least three 

 instances of immensely valuable trade-marks, 

 one probably so highly valued that no offer 

 could secure it. Everybody knows the photo- 

 graphic apparatus for which a new word was 

 coined; the name of a certain biscuit is better 

 known than any other. A glance at the adver- 

 tising of any magazine will establish the fact 

 of a trade-mark's value. 



Such advantage does not come to the manu- 

 facturer easily; he works years to establish his 

 supremacy and spends vast sums of money in 

 'advertising to impress the name of his wares 

 upon the public mind ; it is but proper that his 

 efforts should be protected from imitators. 



Term and Cost. In the United States a per- 

 son who wishes to secure a trade-mark makes 

 application to the Patent Office, submitting the 

 design he wishes to use, accompanying it with 

 a fee of ten dollars. If his design is unlike any 

 other and the words employed come within the 

 requirements of the law, the permit is issued; 

 if used continuously, it is valid for twenty 

 years, and is subject to renewal for a like term. 

 In 1917 there were over 6,200 trade-marks ef- 

 fective in the United States. 



The British trade-mark laws are similar. 

 Registration of trade-marks has only been per- 

 mitted since 1875, but during the first part of 

 the nineteenth century owners were protected 



by the common-law practice. Registration in 

 England now grants sole ownership for a pe- 

 riod of fourteen years, and for another period 

 of fourteen years if the owner desires renewal. 



In the Dominion of Canada there are two 

 kinds of trade-marks which may be registered; 

 these are termed general and specific. A gen- 

 eral trade-mark is one used in connection with 

 the business or occupation as a whole; such a 

 trade-mark may be registered on payment of 

 a fee of thirty dollars, and once registered it 

 endures forever. A specific trade-mark is used 

 in connection with a particular article or class 

 of articles; the registration fee is twenty-five 

 dollars, and the period of protection is twenty- 

 five years, subject to renewal for periods of 

 twenty-five years each as long as the owner 

 desires. 



International Regulations. By the Conven- 

 tion of Paris of 1883, the nations which were 

 represented agreed that citizens or subjects of 

 each should enjoy, in all the nations, all the 

 present or future privileges as regards trade 

 names and trade-marks in their own country. 

 By the Convention of Madrid, in 1891, a trade- 

 mark registered in any one country is thereby 

 registered in all the countries which agreed to 

 the Convention. Great Britain did not sign 

 this Convention, but it has special agreements 

 with nearly every country in the world. Thus 

 a citizen of any country, if he complies with 

 a few simple regulations, secures protection in 

 most nations. See INVENTION. E.D.F. 



Consult Underwood's How to Select Tracle- 

 Marks; Rogers' Good Will, Trade-Marks and 

 Unfair Trading. 



TRADE UNION. See LABOR ORGANIZATIONS. 



TRADE WINDS, those winds that blow 

 regularly from about the twenty-eighth paral- 

 lels of north and south latitude toward a low- 

 pressure belt around the equator. They blow 

 from the northeast in the northern hemisphere 

 and from the southeast in the southern hemi- 

 sphere. The trades blow very steadily and in a 

 uniform course over the oceans, and in the days 

 of sailing ships navigators greatly depended 

 upon them. It was their importance to ocean 

 commerce that gave them the name of trade 

 winds. Their course over land areas is more 

 irregular, because of variations in temperature, 

 influence of mountain barriers and various local 

 disturbances. 



These winds are a part of the great system 

 of planetary winds caused by differences in 

 temperature between the equatorial and polar 

 regions. The great heat of the equatorial re- 



