TREADMILL 



5866 



TREASURE-TROVE 



as the stone of Tibur, because it was formed 

 by the waters of the Anio at Tibur, an ancient 

 Latin town, now Tivoli. 



TREADMILL, tred'mil, a machine formerly 

 in common use in British prisons, where it was 

 operated by convicts sentenced to hard labor. 

 It consisted of a revolving cylinder, or wheel, 

 having steps around the circumference and a 



OLD FORM OF TREADMILL 



handrail above. When the criminals were placed 

 on the steps the weight of the men started the 

 wheel to revolving. To keep their balance 

 they were forced to grasp the rail and tread 

 the mill so long as the machine was in motion. 

 The power could be used for grinding corn or 

 for other similar purposes. The operation of 

 the machine was considered a form of cruelty 

 by enlightened prison authorities, and such use 

 of the treadmill has long been abandoned. 



The name, however, is still applied to a 

 machine in which use is made of the weight of 

 dogs or horses on a series of treads, sometimes 

 arranged on an endless band. The mechanism 

 is attached by belting to machinery, which is 

 operated by the movement of the animals on 

 the treads. 



The word is used in literature in a figurative 

 sense to signify ceaseless toil. 



TREASON, tre'z'n, in a broad sense, is 

 treachery, breach of faith or the betrayal of 

 any trust. In its modern application it is a 

 serious breach of allegiance to a government, 

 committed by a citizen or subject, or by one 

 under its protection; as such, it is the greatest 

 crime known to the law. While murder is a 

 grave offense, its results affect few people; 

 treason, if its object be accomplished, may de- 

 stroy the peace of a nation and work harm to 

 all of its citizens. Possibly as comprehensive 

 a definition of treason as can be given is found 

 in the United States Constitution, Art. Ill, 

 Sec. 3, and it is the only crime defined in that 

 document. With the change of a few words it 

 will apply to any country: 



Treason against the United States shall con- 

 sist only In levymg war against them, or in ad- 



hering to their enemies, giving 4hem aid and 

 comfort. 



The present law of treason, both in England 

 and in the United States, is based upon the 

 Treason Act of England, passed in 1351, dur- 

 ing the reign of Edward III, and this Act fol- 

 lows the principle of the old Roman Law of 

 48 B. c. 



The possibility of committing treason is not 

 limited to citizens or subjects of a country. An 

 alien within its boundaries owes temporary 

 allegiance to the government which shelters 

 him, and he is bound to observe all the laws 

 which control its citizens; the alien who gives 

 aid or comfort to that country's enemies is 

 guilty of treason, and against such a charge his 

 own country cannot protect him. To incur 

 punishment for treason there must be convic- 

 tion of the crime through the courts, or, in 

 time of war, when the writ of habeas corpus is 

 suspended, by trial by court-martial, according 

 to the common-law procedure. 



In cases of treason against the United States, 

 Congress has power to decide what the punish- 

 ment shall be, the only provision of the Con- 

 stitution being that it "shall not work corrup- 

 tion of blood, or forfeiture, except during the 

 life of the person attainted." Death or life 

 imprisonment is the usual penalty of the law. 



The most notable instance of treason against 

 the government of the United States is that of 

 Aaron Burr. The Dreyfus case in France is 

 the best-known instance of a charge of treason 

 in recent times, but Captain Dreyfus proved to 

 all the world his innocence. C.H.H. 



Consult Marshall's Treatise on the Law of 

 Crimes, 



Related Subjects. The following articles in 

 these volumes will serve to make clear the refer- 

 ences in the above discussion of treason : 

 Alien Crime 



Burr, Aaron Dreyfus, Alfred 



Court-Martial 



TREASURE-TROVE, trezh'ure trohv, the 

 name applied to hidden gold, coin or precious 

 objects which have been recovered from the 

 earth. The finder of hidden treasure, accord- 

 ing to an old Roman law, was entitled to it 

 when it was found upon his land, but if found 

 upon the land of another, the treasure was di- 

 vided equally between the finder and the owner 

 of the land. In England concealed treasure 

 belongs to the Crown, that is, to the king, but 

 this law is not rigidly enforced; unless the dis- 

 covered object is of historical value to the na- 

 tional museums, the finder is allowed to keep 

 the treasure. In the United States the term is 



