TUNNY 



5902 



TUPPER 



chanical device used in the operations. The 

 tunnel shield is a cylinder of steel plate with 

 the front fashioned to form a sharp edge. Hy- 

 draulic jacks are attached to the inside surface 

 of the cylinder. Their piston rods, as power 

 is applied, press against the lining of the tun- 

 nel already completed, and push the cutting 

 edge of the cylinder into the earth to be ex- 

 cavated. 



Near the front of the cylinder is a partition 

 with openings, which the operators may close 

 at will. As the cylinder is forced ahead the 

 earth is withdrawn in small amounts through 

 the openings. At the rear end new lining for 

 the tunnel is constructed with each forward 

 movement of the front edge. In another 

 method of river tunneling several cylindrical 

 steel sections are first made and sunk in posi- 

 tion in the river bed. These are then fastened 

 together, and enclosed and lined with concrete. 

 The subway tunnels laid under the Harlem 

 River for the New York subway were con- 

 structed in this manner. 



Consult Brunton and Davis's Modern Tunnel- 

 ing ; StaufTer's Modern Tunnel Practice. 



Related Subjects. In the following articles 

 the reader will find descriptions of various im- 

 portant tunnels : 



Cenis New York, subhead 



Hoosac Tunnel Tunnels 



Hudson River Saint Gotthard 



Tunnels Simplon 



TUNNY, tun'i, or TUNA, tu'na, the largest 

 fish of the mackerel family, found in all warm 

 ocean waters. The. name tuna is the one more 

 commonly heard in America, where the fish is 

 rapidly increasing in favor. The fisheries off 



THE TUNNY, OR TUNA 



the California coast are the most important, 

 especially those along Catalina Island. Because 

 of the large size and the fighting spirit of the 

 fish, tuna fishing is regarded as rare sport by 

 anglers who enjoy a stiff fight. These fish may 

 reach a length of ten feet and a weight of 

 1,500 pounds, but such giant specimens are rare. 



The body is shaped much like that of the 

 ordinary mackerel, but is thicker; the tail is so 

 widely forked as to approach the form of a cres- 

 cent. In Europe the most important fisheries 

 are in the Mediterranean Sea, where the fish are 

 captured in nets. The flesh is sold fresh and in 

 cans; in Italy different parts of the fish are 

 packed separately and marketed under special 

 names. The flesh tastes somewhat like chicken, 

 and canned tuna makes a delicious salad. 



TUPPER, tup'er, the family name of two 

 Canadian statesmen, father and son, both of 

 whom were prominent in the Conservative 

 party in the latter part of the nineteenth cen- 

 tury. 



Sir Charles Tupper (1821-1915) was one of 

 the foremost Canadian statesmen. He was re- 

 sponsible for the adherence of Nova Scotia to 

 the Confederation, later a member of Sir John 

 Macdonald's Cabinet, then Canadian High 

 Commissioner to 

 Great Britain, 

 and finally Pre- 

 mier of Canada. 

 During the clos- 

 ing years of his 

 lif e , Tupper 

 shared with Lord 

 Strathcona the 

 distinction of be- 

 ing the "Grand 

 Old Man of 

 Canada." He was 

 a man of medium sm CHARLES TUPPER 

 height, wiry and straight, with intense nervous 

 energy, which made him mentally and physi- 

 cally active almost to the day of his death. 

 Tupper was seventy-five years old when he be- 

 came Premier of Canada. 



Tupper was born at Amherst, N. S. His 

 Puritan ancestor, Thomas Tupper, left Eng- 

 land for America in 1635, and settled in Con- 

 necticut. The great-grandfather of Sir Charles 

 migrated in 1763 to Nova Scotia, where he took 

 land vacated by the deported Acadians. There 

 his famous descendant was born. Sir Charles 

 was educated at Horton Academy, Wolfville, 

 and in 1843 was graduated in medicine from the 

 University of Edinburgh. Returning to Nova 

 Scotia, he began practice at Amherst, and in a 

 brief period, through his proficiency and energy 

 attracted general attention. For twelve years 

 Dr. Tupper was a general practitioner, braving 

 all the hardships which that position entailed. 



In 1855 Dr. Tupper, yielding to the solici- 

 tation of his friends, entered politics as a 



