TURBOT 



5905 



TURIN 





ameter. The largest turbines are at Niagara 

 Falls and at Keokuk, Iowa. Some of these are 

 directly attached to dynamos that generate an 

 electric current equivalent to 7,500 horse power. 



Steam Turbine. The steam turbine operates 

 on the same principle as the water turbine, ex- 

 cept that it makes use of both the direct pres- 

 sure and the expansive power of steam. The 

 most satisfactory type of steam turbine consists 

 of a series of turbines, each succeeding one 

 little larger than the one before it, to 

 adapt the motor to the expansion of the steam. 

 The blades on the wheel and those on the en- 

 closing case curve in opposite directions, as in 

 tor turbine. Steam turbines are used for 

 propelling large steamships and for operating 

 large dynamos. W.F.R. 



TUR'BOT, one of the largest of the flat- 

 fishes, and one of the species that is of most 

 value commercially. It is seldom longer than 

 two feet, and weighs about eighteen pounds, 

 although ninety-pound turbot have been caught. 



However tfreat the dish that holds the turbot, 

 the turbot is still greater than the dish. 



MARTIAL: Epigrams. 



It has a very flat, wide body, with a long fin on 



;> and bottom ridges. IU upper surface 



is brown and covered with hard, round knobs. 



rbot is a sea fish, and its eggs: 

 ten million to a fish float on the ocean sur- 

 face, 1> 'ui hot prefers a sea 

 bank, ulnn- it hr- on n- huliirr side. Both tin- 

 eyes arc on ! of tin- body. The 

 turbot abounds off the western coast of Europe, 



it is caught for export. See FLATFISH; 



TURGENIEFF, t . h AN SCBOEYB- 



'1818-1883), a ttu.- list, born at 



: large estates and nu- 

 merous serfs, and the boy was trained for tli< 



i He was 



.1 in the l*t. Moscow and 



370 



under private instructors at Berlin, and knew 

 German and French much better than his na- 

 tive tongue. It was the custom of the day for 

 the aristocracy of Russia to scorn their own lan- 

 guage, and Ivan's mother would not use it -in 

 her home circle. Howrvt r. a Russian peasant 

 aroused his admiration for the language and 

 literature of his native land by reciting some 

 v Russian poetry, and the young man began 

 to write for native magazines and newspapers. 



In 1852 he won praise for his Papers of a 

 Sportsman, describing the sufferings of Russian 

 peasants. This book undoubtedly ha>t 

 emancipation of the serfs. A Nest of Nobles 

 once more drew a vivid contrast between 

 aristocracy and the working classes of Russia, 

 and this was soon followed by works of the 

 same character, Fathers and Children, Smoke 

 and Virgin Soil. Pessimism and realism are 

 never absent from these stories, but their plots 

 are so skilfully woven and their characters so 

 strongly drawn that readers almost forget the 

 tone of sorrow in the work. He has often been 

 compared to George Eliot in the uncompro- 

 mising view he took of life and also in the 

 artistic quality of his style. His last years were 

 spent near Paris. He was buried in Saint 

 Petersburg (Petrograd), and his funeral pro- 

 >n was longer and more elaborate than any 

 other which up to that time had been held in 

 Russia. 



is Turgenieff who coined, in his Fathers 

 and Childri n, the word nihilist, which has .-. 

 figured so largely in all writings about Russia. 



TURGOT, toorgo'. AjfMl ROBERT JACQUES, 

 BARON D'AULNE (1727-1781), a French states- 

 man who did his l*-t. though un.Miccossfully. 

 to remove some of the abuses which led to 

 French Revolution. He was educated for 



-thood, but found law and economics more 

 int. i-.-tini: than ecclesiastical subjects; and 

 : holding various minor offices he was called 

 to the MiniMry. As Comptroller-General In- 

 attempted to reduce expenditures and to apply 

 the excess funds toward the reduction ot 

 old public debt. He also tried to compel 

 nobles and the clergy to assume a share of the 



Ion of taxation, which then rented 

 on the peasantry This roused the enmity of 

 these privileged classes, and Turgot was cora- 

 pi II- . 



TU'RIN, the Itnh TORINO (tohre' 



no), capital of the province of the same name. 

 It lies in a beautiful plain surrounded by in 



r Po near its junction with 

 Dora Ripana, eighty miles northwest of 



