TUSSOCK MOTH 



TWELVE TABLES 



then a sen-ice extending over a period of 

 thirty-three years. Under his administration 

 Tuskegee became an institution owning 2,300 

 acres of land, more than a hundred buildings 

 and various other properties, including live 

 stock and farm implements, the whole valued 

 at over a million and a half dollars. In 1916 

 the school had the services of about 185 in- 

 structors and a student attendance of 1,650. 



The purpose of the courses offered is to give 

 students a knowledge of the subjects taught in 

 the common schools, and to train them to earn 

 their living after they leave school. There are 

 entrance examinations to test ability to read 

 and write and knowledge of the fundamental 

 processes in arithmetic. Entering pupils are 

 enrolled either in day or evening classes. The 

 latter are attended by those who cannot make 

 the small cash payments required of day stu- 

 dents, who pay part of the board fee (ten dol- 

 lars a month) by working three days a week. 

 Evening students are permitted to work out all 

 of this fee. The industrial courses include in- 

 struction and practical work in blacksmithing, 

 founding, painting, shoemaking and the like; 

 for girls there are lessons in sewing, millinery, 

 cooking, domestic service, basketry, nursing, 

 laundering, dressmaking and mattress making. 

 There is also an agricultural department. 

 Training in religious and social work is fur- 

 nished in the Phelps Hale Bible Training 

 School. The practical good that is being ac- 

 complished by Tuskegee Institute cannot be 

 overestimated. It is aiding students from every 

 state in the Union and from over twenty for- 

 eign countries. See NEGRO. 



Consult Washington's Up from Slavery; also 

 his Tuskegee and Its Peoples. 



TUSSOCK, tus'uk, MOTH, a family of 

 moths containing several species, the cater- 

 pillars of which have hair growing in tufts 

 along the back. The moths are dull colored, 

 and in some species the females have no wings. 

 There are about twenty kinds in the United 

 States. The gypsy and brown-tail moths in 

 particular have been very destructive to trees 

 in New England. Another species common in 

 Eastern United States is the white-marked 

 moth, the male of which is small and incon- 

 spicuous, and the female is without wings. The 

 larvae eat the soft parts of leaves until only the 

 skeleton remains; they devastate whole or- 

 chards and ruin shade trees and forest trees. 



Under the headings GYPSY MOTH and BROWN- 

 TAIL MOTH the reader will find pictures and de- 

 scriptions of these two Important species. 



TWEED, a fabric which takes its name from 

 the district round the River Tweed in Scotland, 

 where it was first made. Tweed is usually 

 made of two colors combined in the same yarn, 

 and the best quality is made entirely of wool. 

 In inferior kinds mixtures of cotton and shoddy 

 are introduced (see SHODDY). For men's wear 

 and for women's tailored suits, tweed is very 

 popular. It is made in a wide variety of colors 

 and shades, one of the most popular being 

 known as the heather mixture. Tweed is con- 

 siderably less expensive in Europe than in the 

 United States, a well-tailored tweed business 

 suit in England costing only about $15, while a 

 suit of the same quality in the United States 

 would cost probably $35 or more 1 . 



TWEED, WILLIAM MARCY (1823-1878), an 

 American politician whose power of leadership 

 was used in directing one of the grossest 

 schemes of public robbery ever known. He 

 was the first "boss" of Tammany Hall, and the 

 leader of what was known as the "Tweed Ring." 

 Tweed was born in New York City, where he 

 received a common school education. He en- 

 tered political life at an early age, and while 

 commissioner of the department of public 

 works he organized his famous "ring." By se- 

 curing the most important positions for men 

 under his leadership and by manipulating pub- 

 lic affairs, he gained control of the spending of 

 public moneys and of the audit of accounts. 

 Many schemes of city improvement were 

 launched, notably the building of the county 

 courthouse, an enterprise that cost considerably 

 over $8,000,000. Members of the "ring" stole 

 fortunes from the appropriations for their de- 

 partments. Tweed was exposed, largely 

 through the New York Times, brought to trial 

 and sentenced to imprisonment and to pay a 

 heavy fine. He was released on a legal techni- 

 cality, but was rearrested and again sentenced. 

 This time he escaped to Spain, but on his re- 

 turn to New York in 1876 he was imprisoned in 

 Ludlow Street jail, where he died in April, 1878. 



TWELVE TABLES, LAW OF THE, the first 

 written law of the Romans, drawn up by ten 

 men known as decemvirs, on demand of the 

 plebeians, who had suffered by the unjust de- 

 cision of patrician judges. These laws were 

 based on the former unwritten code and on the 

 report of a commission sent to study the laws 

 of Greece. They were written on twelve tables 

 of brass and fastened to the orator's platform 

 on the Forum, where they might be read by 

 all. For centuries they formed the base of all 

 legislation, and every schoolboy was required 



