TYRE 



6033 



TYROL 



York City. The disease is transmitted chiefly 

 by the body louse, and- sometimes by head 

 vermin. An attack comes on suddenly, and is 

 manifested by rise of temperature, severe nerv- 

 ous symptoms, rheumatic pains, headache and 

 rigor of the muscles. About the fifth day of 

 the attack slightly-raised spots appear on tho 

 body; at first these disappear when pressed, 

 but later they become permanent and darker. 

 During the second week the patient usually be- 

 comes delirious, and about the fourteenth day 

 the attack reaches a crisis. In favorable cases 

 recover}' follows rapidly. 



One of the worst epidemics of this disease 

 known in modern times occurred in 1914-1915 

 in Serbia, when fully 135,000 persons i 

 Passenger steamers carried the disease to New 

 York, and the quarantined cases gave Dr. Plotz 

 opportunity for his investigation and discover}'. 

 An American commission to combat the dis- 

 ease in Serbia was organized under the auspices 

 of the American Red Cross and the Rocke- 

 feller Foundation of New York, and through 

 their efforts the epidemic was ended. Dr. Plotz 

 prepared a vaccine that is being used with 

 good results among those exposed to typhus 



r. The important preventive measure of 



i nation has been responsible for keeping 

 out epidemics of the disease among the armies 

 of the belligerents in Europe. 



Treatment of typhus victims is mainly along 

 hygienic lines. Patients are isolated and are 



ii clean surroundings, and their clothing is 

 disinfected or sterilized. By this means lice 

 and eggs are destroyed. Fever, headache and 

 delirium are controlled by ice packs, baths, etc., 

 and certain drugs are also administered which 

 act as stimulants and laxatives. Typhus i 

 should not be confused with typhoid i 

 'which see). C.B.B. 



TYRE, tin. a wealthy and powerful t 



> nt Phoenicia, situated on the eastern shore 

 of the Mediterranean Sea, fifty miles south of 

 Beirut. Sidon, its rival in commercial and 

 political importance, lies twenty-four miles to 



northeast. The original niy was built on a 



:ll island thn .--fourths of a mile from th, 



mainland. When, in 332 B.C., Alexander the 



Great carried on a famous siege of the city, he 

 constructed a causeway joining the island and 

 the mainland, and this ancient structure, 

 widened by deposits of sand, has transformed 

 the island into a peninsula. The small town of 

 Sur, built about a harbor at the north end. i< 

 the modern representative of old Tyre, which 

 in the Roman period occupied both the island 

 and a strip along the mainland. 



Centuries before the birth of Christ Tyre was 

 one of the greatest maritime cities of the world, 

 and Tyrian colonists founded Gades (Ca: 

 in Spain, and Carthage, in Northern Africa. 

 The mother city in this period was wi> 

 known for its purple dyes and glassware. Dur- 

 ing the Roman period it was a center of learn- 

 ing and possessed a great university, and in 



r years it revived as an industrial or: 

 The Crusaders captured it in 1124. 

 mained under Christian domination until 1291, 

 but in that year it was destroyed by the Mos- 

 lems. The present town, which has about 6.500 

 inhabitants, dates from the eighteenth century 

 See PHOENICIA; SIDON. 



TYROL, or TIROL, tir'ol, a crownland in 

 \\Ystern Austria, noted for its magnificent 

 scenery. Though this region has scarcely any 

 lakes, in its physical features it bears a striking 

 resemblance to Switzerland. Lofty range* of 

 thr Alps < \t< nd along its frontiers and traverse 

 it in various sections, and their towering peaks 

 and picturesque valleys are unsurpassed in 

 charm and variety of scene. In the north 

 country is crossed by the Inn, the principal 



r, and far to the south is the valley of th< 

 Adige. 



I has an area of about 10305 square 

 miles, and at the outbreak of the War of th.- 

 Nations it had a population of over 946.000. 

 The majority of tin- inhabitants, who are 

 vinan and Italian birth, are Ro- 

 man Catholic*. For administrative and judicial 

 purposes Tyrol i j..m<d with Vnrarlberg, Aus- 

 tria's most westerly and *mallo*t crownland. 

 Inn !nch are), the capital of Tyrol, M 



a mm -i .".7,000 inhabitants. 



During the War of the Nations the crownland 

 was invaded by Italian forces. 



