UNCTION 



UNGULATES 



settlers in practically every Indian war be- 

 tween 1635 and 1680, and for this was so bit- 

 terly hated by the redmen that numerous at- 

 tempts were made to assassinate him. A 

 monument to his memory stands at Norwich. 

 Cooper's Last of the Mohicans takes its namr 

 from another Uncas, one of his descendants. 



Related Subjects. The reader may consult in 

 this connection the following articles in these 

 volumes : 



Mohawk agansett 



.Mohican Pequot 



UNCTION, ungk'shun, or EXTREME UNC- 

 TION, a sacrament administered in the Roman 

 Catholic Church to a person in danger of death 

 from sickness or from accident. It is not ad- 

 ministered to those under sentence of death 

 nor to those about to undergo surgical opera- 

 tions, nor to children who have not reached 

 the age of reason. The sacrament is in accord- 

 ance with the words of Saint James (James V, 

 14): ''Is any sick among you? let him call in 

 the priests of the church; and let them pray 

 over him, anointing him with oil in the name 

 of the Lord." Olive oil previously blessed by 

 the bishop is used in anointing each organ of 

 sense, and a prayer is offered for forgiveness of 

 sins committed by that sense. 



UNDERGROUND RAILROAD, the popular 

 name given to the secret means employed by 

 Northerners in assisting negro slaves to escape 

 from the slave states before the War of Seces- 

 sion. Fully 25,000 negroes were given aid in 

 obtaining their freedom during twenty-five 

 years. Homes of the Northern sympathizers 

 were used as hiding places or stations along the 

 routes taken by the escaping slaves. They 

 were given food and rest and were passed from 

 one of these points to the next until Canada, 

 the goal of freedom, was reached. The most 

 common "underground railroads" were through 

 Ohio and Pennsylvania. Gerrit Smith, Theo- 

 dore Parker and Levi Coffin were the foremost 

 promoters of the scheme. A graphic descrip- 

 tion of some of the methods employed is 

 found in Mrs. Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. 



UNDERGROUND RAILWAY, a name for- 

 merly applied to the feubways of great cities. 

 See SUBWAY. 



UN'DERWOOD, OSCAR W. (1862- ), an 

 American statesman, long prominent in Demo- 

 cratic politics. He became a figure of national 

 interest during the first administration of Presi- 

 dent Woodrow Wilson, when, as leader of the 

 majority in the lower House, and chairman of 

 the Ways and Means Committee, he took 



OSCAR W. UNDERWOOD 



of the tariff legislation of 1913. In 1911, 

 while still an active figure in the House of 

 Representatives, he won the nomination for a 

 United States Senatorship (for the term 1915- 

 1921) in the Alabama primaries, easily defeat- 

 ing his opponent, 

 Richmond P. 

 Hobson (which 

 see), in a spec- 

 tacular campaign. 



Underwood is a 

 native of Louis- 

 ville, Ky., and 

 received his first 

 schooling in that 

 city. Later he 

 studied at the 

 University of Vir- 

 ginia, completed 

 a course in law, 

 and began to practice in Birmingham, Ala., in 

 1884. He was soon taking an active part in 

 local politics, and in 1895 was elected to the 

 Fifty-fourth Congress, representing his state in 

 the lower House until his election to the Sen- 

 ate. His ability as a legislator and student of 

 economics was brought out forcibly in his work 

 for the passage of the tariff bill that bears his 

 name. 



UNGAVA, ung gah'va, a former large district 

 of Canada, but since 1912 a part of the Prov- 

 ince of Quebec. It comprised all the peninsula 

 of Labrador, with the exception of a narrow 

 strip on the eastern coast, and had an area of 

 456,000 square miles. The surface of Ungava 

 is an undulatory plain, a maze of small streams 

 and lakes, nearly one-third of the area being 

 water. The population consists almost entirely 

 of roving bands of Indians who live by trapping 

 and fishing. The climate is rigorous, and the 

 winter very long, often with a temperature of 

 60 below zero. For further detail, see QUEBEC. 



The Department of Colonization of the Prov- 

 ince of Quebec (address, Quebec) issued in 1915 

 Reports on Ungava, Recently Added to the Prov- 

 ince of Quebec, under the Name of New Quebec. 



UNGULATES, ung'gulates, from a Latin 

 word; ungula, meaning hooj, or claw, is the name 

 applied to animals which have the last joint 

 of the toes encased in a hoof, or a hoof-like 

 nail. As a rule ungulates are useful to man. 

 Zebras, elephants, the hippopotamus and deer 

 are all wild ungulates, and horses, sheep, goats, 

 cattle and pigs are domestic animals of the 

 order. They are further divided into odd-toed 

 ungulates, such as the horse, which is one-toed, 



