URANUS 



61X14 



URINE 



Satellites of Uranus. Four attendant satel- 

 lites accompany Uranus, namely, Ariel, Um- 

 briel, Tituniu and Oberon. They are never 

 visible to the naked eye, and can only be de- 

 tected by the most powerful telescopes. The 

 most peculiar thing about these satellites, apart 

 from the fact that their orbits are nearly per- 

 pendicular to the orbit of the planet, is that 

 in their orbits they move backward. Seen 

 through a telescope, Uranus appears merely a 

 pale, greenish disk, with no particular or dis- 

 tinctive markings, but the spectroscope indi- 

 cates that Uranus is quite different from the 

 other planets in composition. F.ST.A. 



For comparative sizes of Uranus and the other 

 planets and distances from the sun, see PLANET ; 

 for explanation of magnitude, see STAR, subhead 

 Magnitude. See, also, ASTRONOMY. 



URANUS, meaning Heaven, in Greek my- 

 thology, the most ancient of the gods, the per- 

 sonification of the sky. He was the husband 

 of Gaea (Earth) and by her the father of the 

 Cyclopes, the Titans, Lightning and Sheet 

 Lightning, and the terrible hundred-handed 

 giants. Uranus was deposed from his throne by 

 Saturn, the youngest of the Titans, and killed; 

 from his blood sprang the Furies. 



UR'BAN, the name of eight Popes, of whom 

 the most important were Urban II, Urban VI 

 and Urban VIII. 



Urban II, Pope from 1088 to 1099, found 

 himself at his election forced to contend with 

 Guibert of Ravenna, who, under the name of 

 Clement III, claimed the Papal chair as the 

 candidate of the Emperor Henry IV of France. 

 Urban was successful, however, as he also was 

 in defending the power of the Church from 

 encroachments on the part of the Empire. At 

 the Council of Clermont in 1095 he stoutly 

 argued and preached the beginning of what 

 was later the Crusades, and later helped in 

 the organization of the movement, dying just 

 at the time that Jerusalem fell into the hands 

 of the Christians. He had attempted, but in 

 vain, to bring about a union of the Greek and 

 Latin Churches. 



Urban VI, Pope from 1378 to 1389. His 

 predecessor, Gregory XI, had brought back the 

 Papal seat from Avignon to Rome, but the 

 French cardinals were unwilling to agree to the 

 transfer, and accordingly elected a candidate of 

 their own, who was proclaimed Pope at Avi- 

 gnon as Clement VII, while Urban took his seat 

 at Rome. The so-called Great Schism, or 

 Western Schism, which resulted, endured for 

 almost half a century. 



Urban VIII, chosen Pope in 1623, reigned for 

 twenty-one years. He had held important dip- 

 lomatic posts previous to his election and 

 had received the cardinal's hat in 1606. An 

 enlightened, forceful ruler, he nevertheless laid 

 himself liable to criticism by the preferments 

 which he bestowed upon members of his own 

 family. He upheld firmly the temporal powers 

 of the Papacy, aspiring to wield such an influ- 

 ence in the affairs of various European coun- 

 tries as Gregory VII, for instance, had been 

 able to achieve. Richelieu strongly opposed 

 his policies, but in the end an agreement was 

 entered into between the two, and in the 

 Thirty Years' War the Pope supported France 

 as against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. 

 He founded the College of the Propaganda. 



For the first preacher of the Crusades, see 

 PETER THE HERMIT. For a list of all Popes see 

 the article POPE, in which will also be found the 

 method of election to the Papal chair. Consult 

 Pastor's History of the Popes. 



URBANA, urban' a, ILL., the county seat of 

 Champaign County, is noted as the home of 

 the University of Illinois. It is a sister city of 

 Champaign, two miles distant, and is situated 

 northeast of the geographical center of the 

 state, 128 miles southwest of Chicago and 

 thirty-three miles east of Danville. Urbana is 

 served by the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago 

 & Saint Louis (Big Four) and the Wabash rail- 

 roads and by the Illinois Traction and the 

 Kankakee & Urbana electric lines. The ma- 

 chine shops of the Big Four railroad give em- 

 ployment to many people. There are valuable 

 deposits of clay in the vicinity, and bricks are 

 extensively manufactured, about 300 people be- 

 ing employed in the brickyards. The most 

 prominent buildings are those of the university 

 (see ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF). Other note- 

 worthy buildings are a $90,000 Federal building, 

 erected in 1914; a county courthouse, city hall, 

 Y. M. C. A. building and public library. Ur- 

 bana was settled in 1824, was chartered as a city 

 in 1837 and rechartered in 1873. The popula- 

 tion increased from 8,245 in 1910 to 9,889 in 

 1916 (Federal estimate). G.M.B. 



URINE, u'rin, a fluid waste product of the 

 body, separated from the blood by the kid- 

 neys. Blood is carried to these filtering organs 

 through the renal artery, and the waste matter 

 drawn from them is carried to the bladder 

 through two small tubes called ureters. The 

 fluid is expelled from the body through a canal 

 called the urethra, which leads from the blad- 

 der. 



