VAUDREUIL-CAVAGNAL 



6041 



VEDAS 



The vaudeville first introduced into stage 

 performances was as an adjunct to the drama 

 and consisted of music and dancing in the in- 

 tervals of the play. Now, however, vaudeville 

 has taken a position of its own and is regarded 

 almost as a different profession from that of 

 the "legitimate" stage. So great has been the 

 popularity of vaudeville in recent years that 

 the most prominent actors and actresses of 

 both hemispheres have appeared in vaudeville. 

 The remuneration is usually in excess of that 

 nf most members of the dramatic profession. 



VAUDREUIL-CAVAGNAL, vodruh'y' kava 

 nyal' , PIERRE FRANCOIS, Marquis de (1698- 

 , a French soldier and colonial official, 

 the last governor of New France. His father 

 Philippe (1641-1725) was a French soldier, who 

 d under Frontenac and later was gover- 

 nor-general of New France. The son was born 

 at Quebec, and at a'n early age entered the 

 army. In 1733 he was appointed gqvernor of 

 Three Rivers and in 1742 governor of Louisi- 

 ana; in 1755 he succeeded Duquesne as gov- 

 ernor-general of New France. Between him 

 and Montcalm there was little good feeling, and 

 it was charged that Vaudreuil might have kept 

 Wolfe's army from holding Quebec in 1759 if 

 he had been willing to take any decisive steps, 

 but he neglected his chances. In 1760 he sur- 

 rendered Montreal to the English, although 

 General Levis, the military commander, wanted 

 to defend it. Vaudreuil's mistakes led to a 

 trial in Paris, but he received vindication. His 

 son, Louis Philippe (1724-1802), a French naval 

 officer, took part in many battles and partici- 

 pated in the siege of Yorktown in 1782. 



VAUGHAN, i awn, HERBERT (1832-1903), an 

 English cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, 

 who succeeded Cardinal Manning as archbishop 

 of Westminster. He was born at Gloucester 

 and educated at Stonyhurst College and on the 

 Continent. In 1854 he was ordained a priest 

 and joined the Oblates of Saint Charles, of 

 h Cardinal Manning was the head. Inter- 

 ested alike in education and in missionary en- 

 terprise, he founded, at M.ll Hill, near London, 

 Saint Joseph's College for foreign missions, and 

 in 1871 visited the United States to investigate 

 work of the Church among the 'negroes. 

 In the next year he was made bishop of Sal- 

 : and in 1892 succeeded Manning as arch- 

 bishop. His elevation to the cardinate occurred 

 S93. Cardinal Vaughan was an earnest ex- 

 ponent of the ultramontane view, refusing to 

 rik'ht of other Churches to be 

 I a part of the true Church. 



VAULT, vawlt, in architecture, a roof or ceil- 

 ing in the form of an arch. There are four 

 principal varieties: the barrel vault, the dome, 

 the groin vault and the ribbed (Gothic) vault. 

 The simplest form is the barrel vault (see 1 



BARREL AND GROIN VAULTS 

 Explanation appears in the text. 



in illustration). It is a continuous arch, so 

 built that all parts are held in place by them- 

 selves, supporting each other. The dome de- 

 veloped from the barrel vault, and was at first 

 a hemisphere built upon a circular base (see 

 DOME and pictures, page 1835). The groin 

 vault is formed by the intersection of two or 

 more barrel vaults, as shown in 2 of the illus- 

 tration. The lines of intersection, (a) are call* d 

 groins. In ribbed vaulting arched ribs are built 

 in the places that otherwise would be occupied 

 by groins. The ribs rest on pillars and make 

 massive walls unnecessary. In Gothic archi- 

 tecture such ribs were employed both for struc- 

 tural and for decorative purposes. See ARCHI- 

 TECTURE. 



VEDAS, va'dahz, a term derived from a 

 Sanskrit word meaning to know, and used to 

 designate the oldest sacred writings of India. 

 These works are written in Sanskrit and are 

 supposed to have been produced between 1500 

 and 1000 B.C. A succession of authors, gen- 

 eration after generation, added to them, so 

 that they represent the progressive religious 

 thought of centuries, the earliest being by far 

 the simplest. The Vedas are divided into four 

 parts, Rig-Veda, Yajur-Vcda, Sama-Vcda and 

 Alharva-V 'cda, of which the Rig-Veda is the 

 oldest and most important, as well as the 

 stateliest in form. 



The original name for the Rig-Veda meant 

 stanzas of praise, and that is what the collec- 

 tion really contains. These stanias, or hymns, 

 are in praise of the gods, who are in reality 

 personifications of the elements, and they are 

 intended to be used during sacrifice, 

 other three Vedas seem to have been drawn 

 largely from this first one. The Yajur-\ 

 lays greater stress on sacrifice as a rite than it 

 does on the deities to whom the sacrifice is ad- 



