VERONA 



euro 



VERSAILLES 



with a scale division is the fifth one beyond 

 the vernier zero. It is evident that the fourth 

 vernier line beyond zero is one-tenth of a scale 

 division from the fourth scale line beyond 20, 

 that the third vernier line is two-tenths from 

 the third scale line, the second vernier line is 

 three-tenths, the first vernier line four-tenths, 

 and the zero vernier five-tenths of a scale di- 

 vision to the right of the twentieth scale divi- 

 sion. Then the vernier zero is exactly 20.5 

 scale divisions from the zero end of the fixed 

 scale. 



VERONA, ucro'na, a walled and fortified 

 city in the northern part of Italy, occupying 

 both banks of the Adige River. It is pic- 

 turesquely situated at the foot of a spur of 

 the Tyrolese Alps, seventy-one miles by rail 

 west of Venice. Among the cities of Venetia 

 Venice alone surpasses it in fame and interest. 

 In literary history it is celebrated as the re- 

 puted home of Romeo and Juliet, and the 

 house in which Shakespeare's heroine is said 

 to have lived is pointed out to credulous sight- 

 seers. During the Middle Ages Verona was an 

 art center of first rank, and numbered among 

 its native sons the great Paul Veronese. 



In its general aspect the city presents a fas- 

 cinating combination of ancient, medieval and 

 modern civilizations. Most of the city lies on 

 the right bank of the river, and on this side is 

 the most important square, called the Piazza^ 

 Vittorio Emmanuele. The chief point of in- 

 terest in the square is the ruin of a magnifi- 

 cent Roman amphitheater, a structure built by 

 the Emperor Diocletian, and still used occa- 

 sionally. In the vicinity there is an old dis- 

 used monastery, containing the reputed sar- 

 cophagus of Juliet. 



Verona has a royal seminary, libraries, hos- 

 pitals, and numerous charitable institutions. 

 The industrial establishments include cotton, 

 paper and flour mills, piano and organ facto- 

 ries, an arsenal and other military plants, a 

 nail factory and manufactories of silk, soap 

 and candles. There is an active trade in wine, 

 fruits and marble. The city was a prosperous 

 Roman colony before the beginning of the 

 Christian Era, and was a royal residence under 

 Theodoric the Great. During the War of the 

 Nations Verona was several times bombarded 

 by Austrian airships. Population in 1911, 81,- 

 909; in 1915, estimated, 86,448. 



VERONESE, varona'sa, PAUL, or PAOLO 

 (1528-1588), a contemporary of Titian and 

 Tintoretto, and the last of the great Venetian 

 masters. His real name was CALIARI (or CAG- 



LJARI), but he was called Veronese, from Verona, 

 the place of his birth. Most of his life was 

 spent in Venice. Enjoying the pomp and fes- 

 tivity of that city, he loved best of all to paint 

 banquet scenes. His compositions were rich in 

 coloring and ornamental detail, and his execu- 

 tion was truthful; he was especially skilful in 

 his methods of grouping. Whether he chose his 

 themes from mythology, history or the Bible, 

 Venetian architecture furnished his setting, and 

 his figures were garbed in gorgeous robes. He 

 often introduced parrots, dogs, horses and even 

 buffoons into his religious pictures. The Ve- 

 netians were particularly devoted to him and 

 delighted to adorn their city with his works. 



His most celebrated painting, The Marriage 

 at Cana of Galilee, is one of the largest easel 

 paintings in the world, and contains over 130 

 lift-size figures, many of them portraits of con- 

 temporaries. Among his other notable can- 

 vases are The Calling of Saint Andrew to the 

 Apostleship, The Feast of Simon, Presenting of 

 the Family of Darius to Alexander, Saint 

 Helena's Vision of the Invention of the Cross 

 and The Rape of Europa. 



VERRAZANO, ver raht sah ' no, GIOVANNI DA 

 (about 1480- about 1527), an Italian navigator, 

 chiefly famous for a voyage to America, soon 

 after its discovery by Columbus. Concerning 

 the details of his life but little is known with 

 certainty, but he seems to have undertaken 

 numerous trading trips to the Orient, and while 

 in the service of France to have preyed upon 

 Spanish shipping. It was in 1524 that his ad- 

 ventures led him to America. Touching at the 

 coast of North Carolina, in the neighborhood 

 of Cape Fear, he sailed southward for a time, 

 and then northward, discovering a bay which 

 may have been either New York or Narragan- 

 sett. The sole authority for accounts of this 

 voyage is a letter written by Verrazano to 

 Francis I of France, but doubts have been 

 raised as to the genuineness of the document. 

 There is confusion, too, as to the later years of 

 the navigator's life, but it seems probable that 

 he was captured and hanged by the Spaniards. 



VERSAILLES, in English, versaylz', in 

 French, ver sah' y', the former residence of the 

 French court and present capital of the depart- 

 ment of Seine-et-Oise, is a town in the northern 

 part of France, twelve miles southwest of 

 Paris. The principal feature of the place is 

 the beautiful palace erected in 1661 by Louis 

 XIV, and used as a royal residence until the 

 time of Louis Philippe. The palace and the 

 park surrounding it are described below. Ver- 



