VIENNA 



GOSl 



VILLA 



and several canvases of Diirer and Ruben?. 

 Valuable collections of a varied nature are to be 

 found in the imperial treasury of the Hofburg, 

 in the Academy of Art, the Museum of Art 

 and Industry and the Museum of Natural His- 

 tory. The leading educational institutions, in 

 addition to the university, include the Con- 

 servatory of Music, the Polytechnic Institute. 

 theological schools, an academy of Orient ;il 

 languages and a military academy. Hospitals 

 are numerous, and because they offer such a 

 wealth of clinical material they draw to Vienna 

 large numbers of American physicians and sur- 

 geons. The general hospital of Vienna is the 

 largest on the continent. 



Commerce and Industry. Vienna is the lead- 

 ing industrial and commercial center of Austria, 

 and is the focus of all the important railway 

 lines in the ^empire. It lies at the point where 

 railroad routes from Petrograd, Berlin, Paris 

 and Rome cross. The Danube Canal has been 

 converted into a great harbor by the construc- 

 tion of a lock at its entrance, and the city is 

 therefore an important Danube port. There is 

 great manufacturing activity in Vienna, espe- 

 cially in the field of artistic wares, and in the 

 elegance of its shops this city may be com- 

 pared with Paris. Other lines of manufacture 

 include machinery, clothing, textiles, chemicals, 

 musical instruments and malt liquors. The im- 

 portant articles of trade include coal, iron, art 

 publications and manufactured products. 



Government and History. Vienna acquired 

 great prestige as the capital of the dual mon- 

 archy; in alternate years the Delegations of 

 the Austrian and the Hungarian Parliaments 

 met in Vienna. Now it is merely the capital of 

 an insignificant inland country. The city is the 

 outgrowth of a Celtic settlement which the Ro- 

 mans seized and converted into a fortified camp 

 early in the Christian Era. It was called by 

 them Vindobona. The date of the adoption of 

 the name Vienna is obscure, but the name is 

 mentioned in a document of 1130. During the 

 Crusades the place became a prosperous trad- 

 ing center, and in the thirteenth century the 

 Hapsburg rulers of Austria made it their capi- 

 tal. In later European history it was a storm 

 center of many wars, and on July 28, 1914, when 

 the Austrian government declared war on the 

 small country of Serbia, it became the first war 

 capital of Europe. 



University of Vienna. Founded in 1365 by 

 Duke Rudolph IV, the University of Vienna 

 ranks with the oldest and best European insti- 

 tutions of higher learning. It is organized into 



departments of law and political science, the- 

 ology, medicine and philosophy, and its med- 

 ical college has a world-wide reputation because 

 of the variety of its clinics and the famous spe- 

 cialists who direct them. The library, founded 

 by the Empress Maria Theresa, contains over 

 857,000 volumes and manuscripts. Connected 

 with the university are seminaries, museums, 

 finely-equipped laboratories, an observatory and 

 a botanical garden. The regular student enroll- 

 ment is over 5,000, and there are more than 

 630 instructors. R.D.M. 



VIENNA, CONGRESS OF, a convention which 

 remade the map of Europe after Napoleon's 

 downfall. It was a meeting of representatives 

 of all the powers of Europe, in the winter of 

 1814-1815. Great Britain, Austria, Russia and 

 Prussia, whose alliance had sent the defeated 

 Napoleon to exile in Elba, secretly agreed to 

 rule the Congress in their own interest, but 

 Talleyrand, the French delegate, shrewdly took 

 advantage of their dissensions over the division 

 of Poland and Saxony, and forced them to ad- 

 mit him to their number. 



Europe was busy for a hundred years after- 

 wards in undoing the work of the Congress. 

 The French Revolution had awakened the 

 spirit of nationality all over the continent, but 

 the members of the Congress saw nothing of 

 the spirit of the age. They represented kings, 

 not peoples. They joined Belgium and Hol- 

 land, countries of different language, customs 

 and history, thus causing a war in 1830. They 

 gave Prussia the Rhine provinces, Austria most 

 of Northern Italy, and Russia a wedge of Pol- 

 ish territory between Austria and Prussia, all 

 without consulting the people, thus arousing 

 disputes which contributed to the War of the 

 Nations a century afterwards. 



The Monroe Doctrine (which see) owes its 

 origin partly to attempts of the Congress to 

 establish a French prince in South America. 



VIKINGS, vi' kings. See NORTHMEN. 



VILLA, vccl'ya, FRANCISCO, or PANCHO 

 (1877- ), a Mexican bandit and revolution- 

 ist whose raids across the American border in 

 1916 brought the United States close to a state 

 of warfare with Mexico. His real name was 

 DOROTEO ARANGO; Villa was assumed after he 

 became involved in the Madero revolution. 



He became an outlaw in early youth, and 

 during the Diaz regime a reward was offered 

 for his capture. When Diaz was forced to re- 

 sign in 1910, Villa joined cause with Madero, 

 serving under Huerta, but the subsequent revo- 

 lution against Huerta found him supporting 



