VIZIER 



6103 



VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE 



theria, of the anesthetic properties of ether 

 and chloroform, the knowledge that trichiniasis 

 comes from eating underdone pork, that rats are 

 carriers of bubonic plague, and that malaria 

 and yellow fever are spread by mosquitoes are 

 but a few of the victories of animal experimen- 

 tation. In fact, there is scarcely any field of 

 medical and surgical practice that has not been 

 benefited and advanced by vivisection. Every 

 effort is made to carry on these investigations 

 in a humane way. The animals operated on 

 are placed under the effects of an anesthetic, 

 and, so far as possible, the investigations are 

 made while the animal is unconscious. If there 

 is any serious mutilation of the animal it is 

 killed before it regains consciousness. See SUR- 

 GERY. 



VIZIER, vizeer' , the title of high ofl&cials 

 in Mohammedan countries. The term is de- 

 rived from the Arabic wazir, signifying a bearer 

 oj burdens. In the Turkish Empire the grand 

 vizier, as the representative of the sultan, is 

 the highest officer of the Empire. He com- 

 mands the center of the army in battle, and is 

 the only subject who is greeted with a blessing. 

 He is further distinguished by his dress, con- 

 ;ig of velvet robe richly embroidered in 



gold and jewels, and a turban ornamented with 

 diamonds; his emblem of authority is a seal 

 bearing the name of the ruler, which is always 

 worn on his bosom. 



VLADIVOSTOK , via dye vahs tawk ' , the 

 chief Russian naval station in Asia, the capital 

 of the Amur government of Siberia, and a 

 fortified seaport, with one of the most beauti- 

 ful harbors in the world. It is situated at the 

 south end of a peninsula on an inlet of the 

 Japan Sea (see map, opposite page 417). The 

 first ground for the Trans-Siberian Railway was 

 broken at Vladivostok in 1891, and it is the 

 eastern terminus of the line. Steamer lines 

 connect this port with Japan and Korea, with 

 north Siberian ports, and with Seattle, Wash. 

 The harbor of Vladivostok is kept open in the 

 severe winter months by ice-breaking steamers. 

 Government buildings, an Oriental institute and 

 a museum are interesting features, and there 

 are sawmills, breweries and manufactories of 

 machinery, flour and bricks. During the War 

 of the Nations vast quantities of war supplies 

 were sent to Russia from the United States and 

 Japan by way of Vladivostok and the Trans- 

 Siberian Railway. Its growth is not rapid. 

 Population in 1911, 91,464. 



The Boy 



without an Aim \ 



VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE 



OCATIONAL GUIDANCE, voka'shunal 

 gi'dans, a term which n lates to the intelligent 

 >n of young people in the choice of their 

 <>rk. 



Mortality in Early School Life. Year after 

 year children dropped out of the public schools 

 }>> thr thousands, but so gradual was this 

 change that educators, noting only the small 



per cent out of a single room or grade, cen- 

 tered their attention on the remaining 

 sands in the schools, accepting the rlumn.it ion 

 as an economic necessity and unavoidable ac- 

 companiment of th- mt ire educational scheme, 

 and in.'ikinn little special effort except that of 

 "moral suasion" to counteract it; and "moral 

 suasion" had little effect. 



