VOICE 



6110 



VOLCANO 



Only the favored few can hope to cultivate 

 a great singing voice, but almost all can learn 

 to sing the simple songs that add so much to 

 the enjoyment of life. Furthermore, a clear 

 and pleasing speaking voice is within the reach 

 of the majority of people. This kind of voice, 

 however, presupposes a healthy pair of lungs, 

 throat and nose free from inflammation, sound 

 teeth, and good habits in regard to ventilation 

 and eating. One must build up the health to 

 get the most out of this priceless human pos- 

 session. C.B.B. 



Consult Jennings' The Voice and Its Natural 

 Development. 



VOICE, in grammar, a property of transitive 

 verbs, or verbs that require an object to com- 

 plete their meaning. In the sentences, Birds 

 build nests in trees and Nests are built in trees 

 by birds, there is one thought expressed, but it 

 is expressed in two different ways. In the first 

 sentence, the verb (build) asserts an action of 

 the subject (birds), and this action is received 

 by the object (nests); in the second the sub- 

 ject (nests) is represented as being acted upon, 

 and the verb form has changed. 



These sentences illustrate respectively the 

 active and the passive voice; the active voice 

 is that form of a verb which represents the 

 subject as acting, and the passive is that form 

 which represents the subject as being acted 

 upon. The passive voice of a verb is formed 

 by adding the past participle of that verb to 

 various forms of the verb to be. Thus, the 

 passive forms of the verb build are is built, was 

 built, mil be built, etc. 



Some authorities consider voice a property 

 of intransitive verbs which express action, in 

 the sense that such verbs represent the subject 

 as acting and so are in the active voice. See 

 the article VERB. 



VO'LAPUK, the name given by Johann 

 Martin Schleyer to a language which he in- 

 vented and which he first made public in 1879. 

 It was intended to be a universal speech, as its 

 name, derived from the English words world 

 and speak, declares, and words or roots were 

 chosen from most of the languages of Europe. 

 The English predominated, however, but the 

 borrowed words were so altered that they look 

 no more familiar to an Englishman than to a 

 German or a Frenchman. In its structure Vo- 

 lapiik is much more closely allied to German 

 than to any other language. 



Volapiik was the first artificial language to 

 gain any considerable popularity. One nation 

 after another took it up, societies were estab- 



lished all over the civilized world, and within 

 ten years after its publication it had over a 

 million students. That the use of it did not 

 spread more widely is due to dissension among 

 its adherents. Dissatisfaction arose, and re- 

 forms were suggested, to which the inventor 

 refused to give his consent, and gradually the 

 reformers broke away and set about the inven- 

 tion of totally new languages. See ESPERANTO. 

 Consult Hain's drain mar of Volapiik. 



VOLCANO, volka'no, a mountain from 

 whose summit or sides, or both, steam and 

 molten rock are thrown out in large quanti- 

 ties. The name comes from the Latin word 

 Vulcan, the name of the Roman god of the 



CROSS SECTION OF A VOLCANO 

 (a) Crater; (&) extinct crater; (c) fissure 

 through which molten lava is penetrating; (d) 

 molten lava flow; (e) subterranean steam cav- 

 ity. 



fiery elements. All volcanoes of the present 

 day are mountains, and for this reason we al- 

 ways think of a volcano as a mountain, but the 

 mountain need not be present. Any vent or 

 channel in the rock envelope of the earth 

 through which large quantities of steam and 

 molten rock escape is a volcano. The facts are 

 that many of the volcanic mountains have 

 been formed by the material thrown out 

 through such vents. As the molten material 

 reached the surface it became solid and formed 

 a cone around the vent. The cone grew higher 

 and higher as the matter continued to flow, and 

 in time a mountain, with the vent or chimney 

 extending to the summit, was formed. The 

 shape of the cone depended upon the nature of 

 the material thrown out. If it was molten rock 

 the cone was broad and dome-shaped like those 

 of the volcanoes in Hawaii ; but if the material 

 was solid matter, the cone was high, with steep, 

 even slopes, like those of the volcanoes in 

 Mexico, South America and the Rocky and 

 Sierra Nevada mountains in North America. 

 The parts of a volcano are the base, which 

 comprises the walls of the mountain, the cone, 

 and the crater, which is the opening of the 

 vent. 



