WALTON 



6133 



WAMPUM 



rately incorporated. Parts of Cambridge and 

 Newton were annexed in 1755 and 1849 re- 

 spectively. It was chartered as a city in 1884, 

 and in November, 1917, it adopted the city 

 manager plan of government (see CITY MANA- 

 GER). 



WALTON, wawl'tun, IZAAK (1593-1683), an 

 iish author, born at Stafford. At about the 

 age of eighteen he went to London, where he 

 became apprenticed to an ironmonger and later 

 became a member of the Ironmongers' Com- 

 pany. From 1644 to 1651 he traveled about 

 Jand as a very welcome guest in the homes 

 of some of the most eminent clergymen, and 

 for the remainder of his life he lived in retire- 

 ment, spending much of his time in peaceful 

 meditation and in pastimes which brought him 

 close to nature. 



During these years was published his famous 

 Compleat Angler, or the Contemplative Man's 

 Recreation. This work was intended actually 

 to instruct its readers in the art of fishing, but 

 is technically of little value ; it is read and ad- 

 mired because from first to last it is full of a 

 gentle humor and a delight in the charms of 

 out-of-door life, but most of all because it con- 

 sists of the reflections of an earnest, simple, 

 sympathetic nature. Five editions of the Com- 

 pleat Angler were sold during the author's life- 

 time; in the last of these appeared an added 

 part on fly-fishing, contributed by Walton's in- 

 timate friend, Charles Cotton. Walton's other 

 works include several poems and a few leisurely, 

 informal biographies. 



Consult Mansion's Walton and Some Earlier 

 Writers on Fish and Fishing. 



WALTZ, wawlts, a round dance of joint Ger- 

 man and French origin which became im- 

 mensely popular on the Continent at the be- 

 ginning of the nineteenth century. Introduc- 

 tion into England occurred in 1812, and into 

 America about 1820. It is danced by any num- 

 ber of couples, the man placing his right arm 

 around the lady's waist and holding inr nirlit 

 hand with his left, with the arm almost hori- 

 zontally extended from the body. The couples 

 wheel on an axis of their own, at the .v 

 advancing in a nrcuhr motion around the 

 room. Tin introduction of the walta led to a 

 new school of music. The two Strausses (fat In T 

 and son) were the greatest composers of waltz 

 music, but Chopin originated the higher art 

 form. Many modern variations of the waltz 

 have been adopted from time to time, but re- 

 turn to tin- original waltz has always followed. 

 See DAN< i 



WAMPANOAG, wompano'ag, or POKANO- 

 KET, pokano' kit, a powerful tribe of North 

 American Indians of the Algonquian stock. 

 whose former home was the whole of Southern 

 Massachusetts from Cape Cod to Narragansett 

 Bay. At one time the tribe numbered 30,000, 

 but the number was reduced to less than 1,000 

 by a terrible epidemic before the Pilgrims 

 landed (1620). The sachem of the Wampa- 

 noags was the famous Massasoit. While he 

 lived the tribe was friendly to the English, but 

 a growing dissatisfaction ripened into war in 

 107."). under the leadership of Massasoit's son. 

 King Philip, which resulted in the annihilation 

 of the tribe. King Philip's son was sent with 

 others to the West Indies and sold into slavery-. 

 See MASSASOIT; KING PHILIP. 



WAMPUM, wom'pum, or wawm' pum, the 

 name given to white and purple beads which 

 were used as money among the American In- 

 dians. Wampum was not only a medium of 

 exchange, however; it was, as well, the red 



The illustration is that of a belt Riven i 

 Ham Penn by the Indians in Pennsylvania, 



man's badge of wealth and position, an armor 

 against his foes and an ornament to be worn on 

 gala days. Longfellow, in Hiawatha, mentions 

 the custom of using the wampum : 



From his lodge went Hiawatha 

 Dressed for travel, armett for hunting ; 

 Dressed in deer-skin shirt and leggings, 

 Richly wrought with quills and wampum; 

 On his head his eagle i- 

 Round his waist his belt of wampum. 



White, to the Indian, meant health, peace 

 and prosperity; purple, sorrow and condolence; 

 :ml from shells of these colors he skilfully and 

 patiently tVhmn. d tin- tiny, cylindrical beads, 

 stringing them on fine skin strands. The beads 

 were about one-fourth of an inch long and lull 

 as wide, and a day's labor sometimes produced 

 five twrlvr-inrh .-hum- Th<> purple were con- 

 sidered the more valuable. Because wampum, 

 even well into the eighteenth century, waa such 

 an important medium of exchange between the 

 Indians and English colonists, laws were passed 

 establishing standard values for the beads. ID 

 some localities six beads equaled a penny; a 

 six-foot string of beads, the accepted measure, 

 worth from five to ten shillings. Indian 

 belts of wampum were often exchanged be- 



