WAR 



6136 



WARBLERS 



indicates the titanic aspect of the conflict 

 which set Europe aflame in 1914: 



DATES 

 1793-1815. 

 1812-1815. 



1828 



1830-1840. 



1830-1847. 



1848 



1854-1856. 



1859 

 1864 



1866 



1864-1870. 



1865-1866. 

 1870-1871. 



1876-1877. 

 1900-1901. 



1904-1905. 

 1912-1913. 



COUNTRIES ENGAGED 



. England-France $ 



. France-Russia 



. Russia-Turkey 



. Spain and Portugal 



civil war 



. France- Algeria 



.Revolts in Europe... 

 . England 



France 



Sardinia and Turkey 



Austria 



Russia 



France 



. Austria 



Italy 



. Denmark, Prussia and 



Austria 



. Prussia-Austria .... 

 .Brazil, Argentina and 



Paraguay 



. France-Mexico 



. Germany 



France 



. Russia 



Turkey 



.Transvaal republic 



and England 



. Russia- Japan 



Balkan Wars. .. 



COST 



6,250,000,000 

 450,625,000 

 100,000,000 



250,000,000 

 190.000,000 



50,000,000 

 371,000,000 

 332.000,000 

 128,000,000 



68,600,000 

 800,000,000 



75,000,000 

 127,000,000 



51,000,000 



36,000,000 

 330,000,000 



240,000,000 



65,000,000 



954,400,000 



1,580,000,000 



806,547,489 



403,273,745 



1,000,100,000 

 2,500,000,000 

 1,264,000,000 



Total expenses, wars from 1793 



to .1914 $24,587,546,240 



Opinions of Prominent Men. In writing of 

 war, some of the world's greatest men have 

 given opinions well worth mention and con- 

 sideration. Napoleon Bonaparte, the world's 

 greatest general, wrote, "The more I study the 

 world, the more I am convinced of the inability 

 of force to create anything durable." Victor 

 Hugo said, "A day will come when the only 

 battle field will be the market open to com- 

 merce." George Washington wrote, "My first 

 wish is to see the whole world at peace." 

 Thomas Jefferson declared, "I abhor war, and 

 view it as the greatest scourge of mankind." 

 General Sherman said, "War is hell." F.ST.A. 



Consult Wilson and Tucker's International 

 Law; Brewer's Rights and Duties of Neutrals; 

 Jordan's The Human Harvest: A Study of the 

 Decay of Races through the Survival of the 

 Unfit; Jordan's War and Waste. 



Related Subjects. The following wars are 

 treated in special articles in these volumes. With 

 many of the articles lists of related topics are 

 given, so that the range of reading indicated is a 

 wide one : 



Balkan Wars 

 Chinese-Japanese War 

 Crimea, subhead 

 Crimean War 



Peasant War 

 Peloponnesian War 

 Persian Wars 

 Revolutionary War in 



America 



Roses, Wars of the 

 Russo-Japanese War 

 Russo-Turkish Wars 

 Sepoy Rebellion 



Seven Weeks' War 

 Seven Years' War 

 South African War 

 Spanish-American War 

 Succession Wars 

 Thirty Years' War 

 War of 1812 

 War of Secession 

 War of the Nations 



Crusades 



Franco-German War 

 French and Indian 



Wars 



Hundred Years' War 

 Mexican War 



The reader may also consult the articles ARMY 

 and NAVY, and their lists of related topics. 



WAR 'BECK, PERKIN (1474-1499), a pre- 

 tender to the English Crown in opposition to 

 Henry VII. He claimed to be Richard, the 

 younger of the two royal princes whom Rich- 

 ard III imprisoned in the Tower and murdered. 

 He found a few supporters, and Mary of York, 

 dowager duchess of Burgundy, welcomed him 

 as the real heir to the throne. James IV of 

 Scotland gave Warbeck his cousin, Catherine 

 Gordon, in marriage. In 1497 Warbeck made 

 an unsuccessful expedition into England, was 

 captured, but treated leniently. However, he 

 continued to plot, and in 1499 Henry VII 

 caused him to be executed at Tyburn. 



WAR'BLERS, a group of tiny, insect-eating 

 birds, found throughout the Western Conti- 

 nent, numbering about a hundred species. Sev- 

 enty of these reach the United States. War- 

 blers are not commonly noticed, because of 

 their small size and their habit of keeping to 

 the foliage, but to the lover of birds their 

 varied plumage of soft, attractive coloring and 

 their active movements make them a source of 

 unending interest and delight. Their migration 

 is late, and in May and early June groups con- 

 taining different species may be seen in trees 

 about buildings. In nesting, however, most 

 species retire to the woods, some penetrating 

 as far -north as the Hudson Bay and Yukon 

 regions. Their nests are usually cup-shaped, 

 firmly built of twigs and grasses, woven to- 

 gether and placed in trees. The eggs are from 

 three to five in number, of a whitish color, 

 with brownish markings at the larger end. 

 Many species have fine singing voices; others 

 only weak, lisping notes. 



Some of the better known species of wood 

 warblers are the yellow warbler, which is abun- 

 dant in parks and orchards; the black and 

 white warbler, which creeps along the branches 

 of trees; the myrtle warbler, marked with four 

 yellow patches on head, rump and wings; the 

 American redstart, a vivid bird of black with 

 salmon markings; the Blackburnian warbler, 

 with bright orange throat; the black-throated 

 green and the black-throated blue warblers and 

 the oven bird. 



