WINDWARD ISLANDS 



6313 



WINGED LION 



old building torn down, and began a new one, 

 of which the dominating feature was the round 

 tower, or keep, which still forms the center of 

 the pile of buildings. It is eighty feet in height, 

 and is built on a rise of ground, so it com- 

 mands a beautiful view and is visible far over 

 the surrounding country. Under later kings the 

 >tructure was added to, until to-day it covers 

 about twelve acres. To the west of the central 

 tower is what is known as the lower ward, 

 which contains, in addition to other halls and 

 buildings, Saint George's Chapel, begun by Ed- 

 ward IV and finished by Henry VIII, in the 

 vault of which lie the bodies of Henry VIII, 

 Charles I, George III, William IV and other 

 sovereigns; and the beautiful Albert Chapel, 

 begun by Henry VII and completed in splendid 

 style by Queen Victoria, as a memorial to her 

 husband. To the east, in the upper ward, are 

 the royal apartments and the great state rooms. 



The castle stands in the Little Park, which 

 is connected by an avenue with the Great Park. 

 Near this latter is the celebrated Windsor For- 

 est. In the Little Park, about half a mile from 

 the castle, is a magnificent mausoleum, in 

 which lie the bodies of Queen Victoria and her 

 husband, Prince Albert. 



WINDWARD ISLANDS, a British colony in 

 the West Indies consisting of Saint Lucia, Saint 

 Vincent and Grenada, with the smaller islands 

 of the Grenadine chain. The islands really form 

 three distinct colonies, united under a gov- 

 emor-in-chief, who resides at Saint George's, 

 Grenada. The Windward Islands derive their 

 name from their position, being more exposed 

 to the trade winds than are neighboring islands. 

 See LEEWARD ISLANDS. 



WINE, the fermented juice of fruits, espe- 

 cially of the grape. The juice of the grape 

 contains grape sugar already formed, and like 

 the juice of the apple, the gooseberry, and many 

 other fruits, it undergoes fermentation quite 

 readily. The quality of wine varies greatly 

 with different soils, care and method of han- 

 dling. The wines most highly prised are still 

 produced exclusively in Europe, although the 

 California wine industry is important. 



The juice of the grape is removed in a 

 crushing machine having two cylinders so far 

 apart that they do not crush the seeds. The 

 must, or pulp, is fermented in huge vats of oak, 

 having a capacity of from twenty-five to one 

 hundred barrels. When the fermentation has 

 reached the stage desired for the particular sort 

 of wine, the juice is run off into reservoirs 

 called tuns, where it remains until mat- 



Dry wines are produced by allowing the 

 process of fermentation to proceed until most 

 of the grape sugar is turned to alcohol. Sugar 

 which escapes this process gives to certain 

 wines, notably port wines, their sweet, fruity 

 flavor, and wines having much sugar in them 

 are known as sweet wines. Such wines as claret, 

 Burgundy, Rhine wine and Moselle contain 

 little or no sugar, while sherry, Madeira, port 

 and champagne contain from two to seven 

 parts in a hundred. Light wines contain rela- 

 tively little alcohol from seven to twelve parts 

 in one hundred and, consequently, are less 

 intoxicating than such wines as port, which 

 contains from fifteen to twenty per cent. 

 Wines are also called white and red, red wines 

 being those in which the skins of the fruit have 

 not been removed during fermentation. The 

 chief vine-growing countries are France, Spain 

 and Italy. 



Consult Hirschfeld's The Standard Handbook 

 on Wines and Liquors. 



Related Subjects. The reader may consult 

 the following articles in these volumes : 

 Alcoholic Drinks Grape 



Claret Sherry 



WINGED BULL, one of the numerous gro- 

 tesque creatures of early Assyrian sculpture, 

 dating from about the end of the tenth cen- 

 tury B.C. Winged Bulls, with human heads, 

 were placed as sentinels, one on each side of 

 the entrance to 

 the Assyrian pal- 

 aces. These 

 guardians of the 

 gate, some of 

 which were seven- 

 teen feet high, 

 were always rep- 

 resented as ad- 

 vancing. Parts of 

 their body stood 

 out from the 

 wall, the head 

 and breast being 



Till: WINGED BULL 



outside the arch, while tin- wings wore c:i: 

 on gigantic plinths which covered the w;ill 

 The heads were crowned with high, priest like 

 tiaras. The Winged Bulls were supposed to 

 frighten away all enemies from the dwelling. 



WINGED LION, a bronze lion with wings, 

 surmounting one of the two large columns at 

 the south end of the Piazictta, an extension of 

 Saint Mark's Square, at Venice. These col- 

 umns were brought to Venice from Syria in 

 1172 and erected in honor of two patron saints 



