WOUNDS 



6361 



WREN 



stockings, carpets and other coarse fabrics, and 

 finer varieties are used in the manufacture of 

 cloth for men's and women's clothing. It is 

 made in a wide variety of colors and mixtures 

 of colors in the same yarn. Worsteds, being of 

 long hair carefully combed, are rougher and 

 usually heavier than ordinary woolen goods. 



For the processes which make the differences 

 between worsteds and other woolens, see WOOL, 

 subhead Woolen Manufacture. 



WOUNDS, woondz, lacerations of the flesh, 

 in any degree, tlir visible results of injuries. 

 Cuts, skin abrasions, burns and internal lacera- 

 tions are among the different kinds of wounds. 

 P. tin, bleeding, fever and the nervous condition 

 called shock are accompaniments of severe 

 wounds, and blood poisoning and suppuration 

 (the formation of pus) are frequent complica- 

 tions. Wounds heal with different degrees of 

 rapidity, according to their cause and serious- 

 ness, the general health of the patient and the 

 character of the treatment given him. The 

 War of the Nations gave opportunity for a 

 complete testing of all modern theories as to 

 treatment of wounds, and the reports of mili- 

 tary surgeons furnished valuable information 

 on the subject. From 1915 on, what is known 

 as Dakin's solution was used extensively by 

 French surgeons for irrigating wounds. This is 

 an antiseptic solution made up of chlorinated 

 lime, sodium carbonate (dry), and sodium bi- 

 carbonate. A report (1916) of a prominent 

 hospital surgeon brought out the point that a 

 high percentage of deaths from wounds was due 

 to infection from the projectiles or fragments 

 of clothes soiled with mud and filth. 



First Aid to the Injured. In case of th in- 

 fliction of a wound resulting in free flowing of 

 blood the first step taken should be to stop this 

 loss. A tourniquet (described on page 5849) 

 should be applied at once, or a cloth should be 

 very tightly fastened around the injured mem- 

 ber just above the wound. If the physician is 

 late in arriving and from tin nature of the 

 wound infection is threatened, antiseptics may 

 be applied, but with rxin-inr caution; if ap- 

 plied in too strong a form serious complications 

 may result. The commonest antiseptics are 

 carbolic acid, in very weak solution, iodine, 

 iodoform and lysol. 



If breathing is difficult tin- victim's Hot limn 

 should be loosened and plenty of fresh air as- 

 sured. See SURGERY; A ; ANTISEPTIC. 



In other articles in these volumes are simple 

 directions for first aid in connection with acci- 

 dents of various kinds. < .n n. 



WREN, ren, a subfamily of small, active 

 birds, with slender beak, rounded wings and 

 erect tail, abundant in the Americas, especially 

 in the mild sections. The plumage is brown or 

 grayish, barred and mottled with black. Wrens 

 live near the 

 ground, and are 

 almost always in 

 motion. Their 

 food consists very 

 largely of insects. 

 They have mar- 

 velous powers of 

 song, and also 

 very common- 

 place and dis- 



., Among the dwellings framed 

 agreeable, scold- by birds 



ing voices, which In c d or forest with nlce 



they use freely Is none 'that with the little 



xi_ i- Li wren's 



on the Slightest In snugness may compare, 



occasion. Of the -WORDS WOHTH : A v 



wrens that reach The illustration is that of 

 the United States, the house wren ' 

 the largest is the cactus wren, found in the arid 

 regions along the southwestern border. The 

 rock wren nests in the dry foothills of the Rocky 

 Mountains and westward. The Carolina T n 

 is a shy species of the Southern states, with a 

 clear, ringing note which sounds like whee- 

 udel, whce-udel, whee-udel, endlessly repeated. 

 Bewick's wren is similar to the Carolina, but is 

 not so shy. The winter wren is the tiniest 

 species, being only four inches long. The long- 

 billed and the short-billed marsh wrens nest 

 among reeds and cat-tails in marshes. 

 house urt-n is a bold bird, nesting in bird 

 houses and holes in trees about buildings, and 

 is valued for its sociability and insect-de*t 

 ing habits. Its eggs are five to nine in number, 

 white in color, profusely dotted with salmon. 



Consult Forbush's Useful Birds and Tkeir Pro- 

 tection. 



WREN, SIR CHRISTOPHER (1632-1723), an 

 English architect, bora in East Knoyle, Wilt- 

 shire. When at Oxford, where he received his 

 education, he won distinction for his work in 

 geometry, and in 1660 he was made Savilian 

 professor of astronomy in that institution. His 

 work as an architect early became known, and 

 he was one of those commissioned to rebuild 

 th' old Saint Paul's Cathedral of London. He 

 had scarcely more than submitted plans for it 

 M the great London fire of 1666 occurred. 

 This caused the complete ruin of the l>uiMm_'. 

 and gave Wren the opportunity to rebuild it 

 entirely; this task brought him permanent 



