YOUNG 



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YOUNG ITALY 



founder of the Church, and he consistently fol- 

 lowed the doctrine of the "celestial law of mar- 

 riage." When he died in 1877 he left an estate 

 valued at more than 81,000,000. He was sur- 

 vived by possibly nineteen wives, and was the 

 father* of fifty-seven children. M.MJJ. 



Consult Kennedy's Early Days of i/ormontem; 

 Tullridge's Life of Brigham Young. 



YOUNG, CHARLES AUGUSTUS (1834-1908), an 

 American astronomer who, in 1869, had the 

 honor of being the first to make an observa- 

 tion of the spectrum of the solar corona (the 

 luminous envelope of the sun). He was born 

 at Hanover, N. H. After his graduation from 

 Dartmouth College in 1853, he taught for two 

 years at Phillips Academy, Andover; was pro- 

 fessor of natural philosophy and mathematics 

 in the Western Reserve College, Ohio, from 

 1856 to 1866, and in the latter year accepted 

 the chair of astronomy and natural philosophy 

 at Dartmouth. In 1877 he was made professor 

 of astronomy at Princeton, and there he taught 

 until shortly before his death. 



Professor Young was an eager investigator of 

 natural phenomena, and was outdone by none 

 of his contemporaries in activity and zeal. He 

 lent his knowledge and aid to the eclipse par- 

 o Iowa in 1869, to Spain in 1870, and to 

 the transit of Venus party to Peking, China, 

 in 1874; he also organized the eclipse expedi- 

 tion to Denver in 1878. In 1872, at Sherman, 

 Wyo., he made the important discovery of the 

 bright reversal of many lines of the solar spec- 

 trum in ordinary sunlight. Recognized as an 

 authority on the subject of spectra, he was in- 

 vited to lecture in the courses of the Peabody 

 Institute at Baltimore, the Lowell Institute at 

 Boston, and at many colleges. Important 

 among his writings are The Sun, General As- 

 tronomy, Elements oj Astronomy and Lessons 

 in Astronomy, the two latter attaining wide 

 popularity as school textbooks. 



YOUNG, HOWARD (1683-1765), an English 

 poet, born at Upham, in Hampshire. A ft IT Ins 

 graduation he attempted to gain the favor of 

 various influential people by writing poems in 

 their honor. In 1719 he produced the tragedy 

 Busiris and two years later Revenge, which 

 was favorably received. In 1725 was publi 

 the first of the group of satires produced dur- 

 ing the following three years, entitled The Love 

 oj Fame, the Universal Passion. After taking 

 holy orders in 1728 he was made a king's chap- 

 lain, and in 1730 became rector of the church 

 at Wrlwyn in Hertfordshire, where he contin- 

 ued to live until his death. 



Between 1842 and 1845 appeared the famous 

 Xight Thoughts on Life, Death and Immor- 

 talit y, for which he is chiefly remembered. This 

 work is theological in its nature, expresses cer- 

 tain universal truths in forceful manner, and at- 

 tains at times to considerable height, but it has 

 not the simplicity and directness which make 

 a really helpful religious poem. Among the 

 very commonly quoted lines from this poem 

 are: 



Blessings brighten as they take their flight. 



Procrastination is the thief of time. 



By night an atheist half believes a God. 



YOUNG, ELLA FLAGG (1845-1918), an Ameri- 

 can educator of note, the first woman to serve 

 as superintendent of schools in any large city 

 of the world. She was born in Buffalo, studied 

 at the Chicago Normal School, began to teach 

 in 1862 and in 

 1868 was married 

 to W i 1 1 i a in 

 Young. Later 

 she studied at 

 the University of 

 Chicago and re- 

 ceived the Ph. D. 

 degree. From 

 1887 to 1899 she 

 was district 

 superintendent of 

 schools in Chi- 

 cago, in the lat- 

 ter year became 

 professor of education at the University of Chi- 

 cago, and in 1905 was chosen principal of the 

 Chicago Normal School. This position she re- 

 signed in 1909 to accept the superintendency 

 of the Chicago public schools. That important 

 post she held until 1915, with the frequently- 

 voiced approval of the people of her city. Her 

 chief contribution to the school system of Chi- 

 cago was the introduction of studies of the 

 practical kind, paving the way to more formal 

 vocational training. After her resignation she 

 active in the movement for woman suf- 



fl-a ire. 



Mrs. Young held positions of honor in various 

 educational associations, was president of the 

 onal Education Association (1910-1911) and 

 was the author of Isolation in the School, Ethics 

 in the School and Some Types of Modern Edu- 

 cational Theory. 



YOUNG ITALY, a society of Italian republic- 

 ans, founded by Giuseppe Mazzini in 1831. 

 Tin- aim of the society was to free the Italian 

 peninsula from Austrian rule and to bind the 



ELLA FLAGG YOUNG 



