ZOOLOGY 



6418 



ZOROASTER 



man to the higher animals was started in the 

 medical schools in the study of anatomy. The 

 discovery of the microscope at the end of the 

 century made possible the great advance of 

 the next hundred years, which culminated in 

 the eighteenth century in the work of Linne 

 (which see), who made the first systematic 

 classification of species. 



Among the many scientists who contributed 

 important discoveries to zoology only a few 

 of the most prominent can here be mentioned. 

 At the end of the eighteenth century, Lamarck 

 regrouped the animals and made the distinction 

 between vertebrates and invertebrates, and 

 Cuvier, by showing that the parts of different 

 animals were fundamentally the same, firmly 

 established the study of comparative anatomy. 

 The perfection of the microscope at this time 

 revealed that animal bodies are composed of 

 cells of living matter, called protoplasm, and 

 that all organisms begin their existence as a 

 single cell in the egg. 



The last element of mystery was banished 

 from the science of zoology when Charles Dar- 

 win, in 1859, published his theory of organic 

 evolution the theory that all animals have 

 developed from the same primitive form, the 

 different types being due to modifications 

 caused by adaptation to environment, heredity, 

 and the struggle for existence. The discoveries 

 of many new animal forms and relationships 

 made since that time have further strengthened 

 Darwin's theory. E.B.P. 



Consult Locy's Biology and Its Makers; Lan- 

 kester's Treatise on Zoology; Shipley and Mac- 

 Bride's Zoology. 



Related Subjects. The following list of arti- 

 cles in these volumes dealing with zoological sub- 

 jects includes only those which cover the more 

 general phases of the subject. The forms of 

 animal life described are too numerous to be 

 listed here, but if the reader will consult the 

 indexes given with many of the following articles 

 he will find all the important animals listed and 

 classified : 



Amphibians (with list) Entomology 



Animal (with list) Feathers 



Arachnida (with list) Fish (with list) 



Arthropoda (with list) Hemiptera (with list) 



Batrachia Hibernation 



Bird (with list) Horn 



Carnivorous Animals Infusoria 



(with list) Insect (with list) 



Cephalopoda Insectivora 



Cetacea (with list) Invertebrates (with list) 



Chlroptera Larva 



Coelenterata Lepidoptera 



Crustaceans (with list) Mammals (with list) 



Echinoderms (with list) Marsupials (with list) 



Edentata Metamorphosis 



E 8S Mollusks (with list) 



Molting 

 Myrlapoda 

 Neuroptera 

 Ornithology 

 Orthoptera (with list) 

 Primates (with list) 

 Protective Coloration 

 Protozoa (with list) 

 Radiolarla 

 Reptiles (with list) 



Rodents (with list) 



Ruminants 



Scales 



Shell 



Ungulates (with list) 



Vertebrates (with list) 



Vorticella 



Worms (with list) 



Zoological Garden 



MISCELLANEOUS 



Cell Evolution 



Classification Lamarck, Jean Baptiste 



Cuvier Linne, or Linnaeus 



Darwin, Charles Protoplasm 



ZORN, tsohrn, ANDERS LEON HARD (1860- ), 

 a Swedish painter and etcher, born at Mora, 

 of peasant parents. He studied at the Acad- 

 emy of Fine Arts in Stockholm, and by the 

 time he was of age had earned enough by por- 

 trait painting to enable him to travel in Italy, 

 Spain and England. For a time he lived in 

 London, learning there the art of etching, and 

 in 1889 he removed to Paris. His success has 

 been constant, whether he attempts portraits 

 or landscapes, marine or genre paintings, and 

 he has received several medals. Almost all of 

 the Swedish royal family have been painted by 

 him. His best known paintings include Irish 

 Maidens, Italian Street Scene, Summer in 

 Sweden and A Toast. 



Zorn ranks with the greatest etchers of all 

 time with Rembrandt, Meryon and Whistler. 

 Some of his etchings are copies of his own 

 paintings, but more of them are original. His 

 portrait etchings alone make him a great artist 

 they include sketches of Ernest Renan, Au- 

 guste Rodin, Grover Cleveland, John Hay, 

 Theodore Roosevelt and William H. Taft. 



ZOROASTER, zoroas'ter, a Persian re- 

 former and teacher, the founder of an ancient 

 religion, whose origin and life are veiled in the 

 dim light of early ages. History cannot fix the 

 date of his birth or of his death; in fact, an- 

 cient records speak of several philosophers, of 

 different nationalities, all known by this name. 

 But the great teacher probably was 'a native 

 of Bactria, one of the provinces of ancient 

 Persia. The age in which he lived is also a 

 mooted point, ranging from 2400 to 600 B.C. 

 A number of eminent scholars assert that he 

 could not have lived at a date later than 1000 

 B. c. ; others equally well informed think the 

 Zend-Avestas, containing his teachings, are not, 

 at most, earlier than the seventh century B.C. 

 Probably the dates of his birth and death 

 which are most relied on by scholars are 660- 

 585 B. c. 



