ZULUS 



6420 



ZWINGLI 



Zulus are noted for their fine stature and for 

 their high moral code. Under despotic rulers in 

 the nineteenth century immorality was punish- 

 able by death, but the abandonment of mili- 

 tary organization has tended to lower the 

 moral and military standard. The climate of 

 the region occupied by them is fairly healthful, 

 but is subject to contrasts of heat during the 

 day and to severe cold at night. Well-made 

 roads provide means of internal communica- 

 tion, and there is fairly good anchorage for 

 vessels at Port Durnford, on the Indian Ocean. 



ZULUS, zoo'looz, the inhabitants of Zulu- 

 land, a territory in South Africa. These people 

 are described under the heading ZVLULAND. 



ZUNI, zoo'nyee, the popular name of the 

 oldest and most important tribe of Pueblo In- 

 dians (see PUEBLO). They live in a single per- 

 manent pueblo, or^ village, situated in New 

 Mexico, and known as Zuni. In summer the 

 tribe also occupies the three neighboring vil- 

 lages of Pescado, Nutria and Oj o Caliente. The 

 Zuni Indians have lived in the same narrow 

 valley for many centuries; the Spanish invad- 

 ers found them there when they came in 1539, 

 and the Zum's have not left the place since. 

 They are a self-supporting people, cultivating 

 the ground, and raising small herds of cattle, 

 sheep and donkeys. 



In the center of the Zuni town is a wide 

 court, which the people reach by climbing 

 many ladders to the top of the pueblo, and 

 then climbing down many more to the ground. 

 The houses are entered from the roof, and the 

 interior is reached by climbing up one ladder 

 and down another. When a Zuni wishes to 

 lock up his house he simply pulls up his ladder. 

 In 1910 these Indians numbered 1,667. A white 

 man, Frank H. Gushing, lived among the Zunis 

 for several years and was adopted by the tribe. 

 His account of their history, manners and cus- 

 toms is the most accurate ever written on the 

 subject. 



ZURICH, zu'rik, a manufacturing city and 

 noted educational center of Switzerland, situ- 

 ated at the northern end of a lake which bears 

 the same name. It is the capital of the canton 

 of Zurich, and is the largest city of the repub- 

 lic. The old city, with its steep, narrow streets 

 and old-fashioned houses, has a quaintly medi- 

 eval aspect, but the newer sections are modern 

 in every respect. The Limmat, which flows 

 through the middle of the city and divides it 

 into two parts the Little City and the Great 

 City is crossed by eleven bridges. Among 

 the noteworthy edifices are the National Mu- 



seum, with many relics commemorating the his- 

 tory of the republic; the Municipal Library, 

 which, in addition to its 170,000 volumes and 

 numerous manuscripts, contains a collection of 

 portraits and busts of celebrated citizens; the 

 Romanesque cathedral, dating from the elev- 

 enth century, of which Zwingli, the fam< in- 

 Swiss reformer, was pastor, and Saint Peter's 

 Church, interesting bepause of the tomb of 

 Lavater, a celebrated preacher. The university, 

 or Polytechnicum, founded in 1832, is the most 

 celebrated institution for higher learning in 

 Switzerland. Zurich* has many other excellent 

 schools and an interesting botanical garden. 

 Silk, cotton goods and machinery are among 

 the manufactures. Population in 1913, .esti- 

 mated, 205,000. 



ZURICH, LAKE, one of the beautiful lakes of 

 Northern Switzerland, lying in a deep valley, 

 principally within the canton (state) of Zurich. 

 The lake has somewhat the shape of a crescent, 

 and is about twenty-five miles in length and 

 from about one-half to two and one-half miles 

 in width. It is spanned by a beautiful bridge, 

 which serves as a delightful promenade. Pala- 

 tial hotels afford accommodations for thou- 

 sands of tourists. 



ZUYDER ZEE, zi' der ze' . See ZUIDER ZEE. 



ZWINGLI, tsving'li, ULRICH (1484-1531), a 

 Swiss reformer, the contemporary of Martin 

 Luther and the leader of the Protestant Refor- 

 mation in his country, was born at Wildhaus, a 

 canton of Saint Gall. After studying at the 

 University of Vienna and at Basel he became 

 parish priest at Glarus, a position which he 

 held for ten years. Entering foreign service 

 as a field chaplain, his experiences soon con- 

 vinced him that the prevailing kind of army 

 life was ruinous to the best youth of the coun- 

 try; his protests, however, met with so much 

 opposition that he was forced to leave Glarus. 



At Einsiedeln, a celebrated center of pil- 

 grimage, Zwingli first began to make public his 

 ideas of reform, and upon being called to 

 Zurich in 1519 as "priest of the people," he 

 laid the foundations for the reformation of the 

 Church, its doctrines and its external cere- 

 monies, which he undertook to carry out. 

 Zwingli definitely opposed Papal power in 1520, 

 when he offered a public exhortation to his 

 people to support the stand that Martin Luther 

 had already taken, and presented definite 

 measures of reform. All of Switzerland, except 

 the outlying forest cantons, where Catholicism 

 was most firmly grounded, soon rallied to his 

 support. In certain matters of faith, Luther 



