Viii 
XI. 
CONTENTS 
THE MASTODON 
Differences between Mastodon and Mammoth, 198; affinities 
of the Mastodon, 200; vestigial structures, 201 ; distribution 
of American Mastodon, 203 ; first noticed in North America, 
204 ; thought to be carnivorous, 206; Koch’s Missourium, 
208 ; former abundance of Mastodons, 209; appearance of 
the animal, 210; its size, 211; was man contemporary with 
Mastodon? 213; the Lenape stone, 215; legend of the big 
buffalo, 216; references, 218. 
XII. WHY DO ANIMALS BECOME EXTINCT? 
Extinction sometimes evolution, 221; over-specialization as a 
cause for extinction, 222; extinction sometimes unaccounta- 
ble, 223; man’s capability for harm small in the past, 224 ; 
old theories of great convulsions, 226 ; changes in nature slow, 
227; the case of Lingula, 228; local extermination, 229 ; the 
Moas and the Great Auk, 232; the case of large animals, 
233; interdependence of living beings, 234; coyotes and 
fruit, 236 ; Shaler on the Miocene flora of Europe, 236 ; man’s 
desire for knowledge, 238. 
INDEX, . ; ; ; ; ‘ ° A - 243 
rh. = . 
