196 ANIMALS OF THE PAST 
greatest development of tusks occurred m Elephas gane- q | 
sa, a species found in Pliocene deposits of the Stwalik 
Hills, India. This species appears not to have exceeded | 
the existing elephant in bulk, but the tusks are twelve feet g 
nine inches long, and two feet two inches im circumfer- a 
ence. How the animal ever carried them is a mystery, 
both on account of their size and their enormous leverage. 
As for teeth, an upper grinder of Elephas columbi in the — q 
United States National Museum is ten and one-half | 
inches high, nine inches wide, the grinding face being 4 
eight by five inches. This tooth, which is unusually per- { 
fect, retaining the outer covering of cement, came from 
Afton, Indian Territory, and weighs a litile over fifteen { | 
pounds. The lower tooth, shown in Fig. 38, is twelve 
inches long, and the grinding face is nine by three and — 
one-half inches; this is also from Elephas columbi. g 
Grinders of the Northern Mammoth are smaller, and the q 
plates of enamel thinner, and closer to one another. 
Mr. F. E. Andrews, of Gunsight, Texas, reports hav- — 
ing found a femur, or thigh-bone five feet four inches 
long, and a humerus measuring four feet three inches, q 
these being the largest bones on record indicating an 
animal fourteen feet high. BI 
There is a vast amount of literature relating to the 
mammoth, some of it very untrustworthy. A list of all — 
discoveries of specimens in the flesh is given by Nordens- 
