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bad found fault with the transformers 

 made in England. He appeared to have 

 a low opinion of English engineers since 

 he had seen some of the central stations 

 on the Continent. His contention was 

 that in England electricians were employ- 

 ing too long a magnetic circuit. But 

 all these transformers which Professor 

 Forbes criticised adversely were not 

 made yesterday ; they were begun to be 

 made three years ago. Many hundreds 

 were at work, and they had been altered 

 and altered till the present forms had 

 been developed. The magnetic circuit 

 was long, but the electric circuit was 

 short, and a short electric circuit was far 

 more important than a short magnetic 

 circuit. As a matter of fact, even the 

 Zipernowsky transformer, which Pro- 

 fessor Forbes admired so much, had a 

 long magnetic circuit. Three or four 

 years ago, at the Inventions Exhibition, 

 that wonderful transformer with a spe- 

 cially short magnetic circuit was first 

 seen. It was a Gramme ring turned 

 inside out. It was stated to be a mar- 



