62 



AGRICULTURE ON THE PACIFIC SLOPE 



FIG. 32. A breast plow. 



the spade and turning plow we turn 



of ground upside down and 



loosen it at the same time. This 



breaks up the crust which 



may have been formed on 



the surface by the 



rains, and lets in 



the air which is 



necessary for the 



healthy growth of 



plants. 



Soil crumbs. 

 Look at a soil that 

 has been well tilled 

 so as to form a 

 good seed bed, and 

 you will find that 

 it consists of many 



rake instead of 

 the hand rake. 

 For cultivation 

 in gardens we 

 use the hand 

 hoe ; in fields, 

 the cultivator or 

 horse hoe. 



What these 



tools do. With 



the surface layer 



FIG. 33. A plow still used in Chile. 



