306 AGRICULTURE 



all bad points. It takes a good animal to grade eighty per 

 cent, when marked by an expert judge, and an exceptional 

 one to grade ninety per cent. Judges do not usually mark 

 closer than one-fourth per cent, on any point. 



5. Common Defects and Unsoundness in Horses 



Any defect or unsoundness lowers the value of a horse. 

 All who have to do with horses should be able to identify 

 the more common faults, and know their causes. (See Pur- 

 due Circular, No. 29.) 



Defects of head, eyes and ears 



1. Poll evil; sore on top of head, caused by bruises. 



2. Blindness; either with or without defects of eyeball. 



3. "Blue-eyed"; a peculiar bluish color, may indicate blind- 



ness. 



4. Over-mobile ears; showing viciousness or blindness. 



5. Immobile ears; showing deafness or lockjaw. 

 Defects of the mouth 



1. Nose discharge; indicating catarrh, glanders, diseased 



molars. 



2. Bit sores, showing tender mouth, or abuse. 



3. Diseased molars; affect health and interfere with eating. 



4. "Parrot" mouth; upper jaw too long, front teeth project 



over lower. 



5. Undershot jaw; lower jaw short; front teeth do not meet. 



6. Clipped tfmgue; tip cut off to prevent lolling. 

 Defects of neck, withers and shoulders 



1. Neck sores; caused by collar wear on top of neck. 



2. Fistula; running sore on withers on shoulders. 



3. Collar sores and boils; dirty and ill-fitting collars. 

 Defects of feet and legs 



1. Shoe boil; sore at elbow from injury by shoe while lying 



down; also sore from harness band. 



2. Splint; (describe.) 



3. Broken knee; bent backward from injury. 



4. Buck knee; bent forward from stiffening of tendons. 



5. Capped knee; (what is meant?) 



6. Greased heel; sores which refuse to heal. 



