168 AMERICAN AGRICULTURE. 



then contains large quantities of carbonic acid gas, which 

 occasions its lively effervessence when uncorcked, and gives 

 to it that peculiarly pungent and agreeable flavor so highly 

 relished. 



Vinegar. If the cider be allowed to remain in the cask in 

 which it is first placed, and exposed to a warm temperature, it 

 continues greedily to absorb oxygen and quickly undergoes 

 another fermentation called the acetic, by which it is converted 

 into vinegar ; and even if intended solely for this purpose, the 

 best and richest fruit is most valuable. When the vinegar 

 has acquired its perfection it should be kept air-tight at a low 

 temperature. 



BEST VARIETIES OF APPLES FOR CULTIVATION. Almost 



every section of the apple-growing regions of America has a 

 greater or less variety peculiar to itself, and their valuable 

 properties appear more fully developed in these localities than 

 when removed to others. Such should of course be retained 

 when of extraordinary excellence. There are varieties, 

 however, which are of more general cultivation, cosmopolites 

 throughout the apple climates, of fine quality, and possessing 

 all the excellence, of which the genus is capable. Thirty 

 different kinds for each section or state, will probably include 

 all which it is desirable to cultivate, and for any one location 

 perhaps twenty is sufficient. We here name 30 standard 

 varieties, all of which are now in successful cultivation in 

 different parts of the United States and the Canadas. The 

 names and descriptions are those of Downing, as published 

 in his late work on the Fruit Trees of America, 1845. 



Summer Apples. Early Harvest, Red Astracan, Large 

 Yellow Bough, Williams' Favorite. 



Autumn Apples. Golden Sweet, Fall Pippin, Gravenstein, 

 Jersey Sweeting, Pumpkin Russet, (by some, the Belle- 

 bonne,) Rambo. 



Wint-er Apples. Westfield Seek-no-farther, Baldwin, 

 Black Apple, Yellow Belle fleur, Detroit, Hubbardston None- 

 such, Green and Yellow Newtown Pippin, Northern Spy, 

 Blue Pearmain, Peck's Pleasant, Rhode Island Greening, 

 American Golden Russet, English Russet, Roxbury Russet, 

 Swaar, Ladies' Sweeting, Talman's Sweeting, Esopus Spit- 

 zenberg, Waxen Apple, Wine Apple. 



THE PEAR. 



The pear is the most valuable and one of the most luscious 

 and wholesome market fruits, though not comparable to the 



