46 BUYING MII,K AND CRKAM 



sectional, one inch thick on pipes; fittings to be built up to a 

 corresponding thickness with one inch hair felt, the entire line 

 should be neatly finished with a graded mixture of Portland 

 cement and asbestos cement, and canvas-jacketed and equipped 

 with metal bands at 18" intervals. Before putting on the metal 

 bands, the covering should receive two coats of asbestos cold 

 water paint. 



CHAPTER III. 

 BUYING MILK AND CREAM. 



Systems of Securing Milk and Cream. The economy of the 

 manufacture and sale of butter is greatly dependent on the vol- 

 ume of business done and this in turn is controlled by the 

 amount of butterfat the creamery receives. The creamery must 

 have butterfat to manufacture butter, and the larger the supply 

 of butterfat, other conditions being equal, the more profitable 

 will be its business. Local conditions, the increasing demand 

 for butterfat by manufacturers and dealers of diverse dairy 

 products, and the growing keenness of competition among the 

 creameries for milk and cream, have gradually developed four 

 distinct systems of securing the butterfat from the farmer. These 

 are direct deliveries of milk and cream, milk and cream routes, 

 skimming stations and cream stations, and the direct shipper 

 system. 



Direct Deliveries of Milk and Cream. In this system the 

 milk or cream is hauled by the farmer direct to the creamery. 

 This is the oldest system of getting the butterfat to the creamery. 

 This is the system that first marked the inovation of making 

 butter in the factory instead of on the farm. It started by hav- 

 ing the farmers haul their milk to the creamery where it was 

 pooled and separated by gravity. Simultaneously, also, the 

 practise of skimming the milk on the farm by gravity and the 

 hauling of the cream developed. When the centrifugal cream 

 separator for factory use appeared, the skimming on the farm 

 was largely abandoned and the farmer hauled his milk to the 

 creamery where it was separated by the centrifugal separator. 

 But the glory of the whole-milk creamery was comparatively 

 short and the subsequent advent of the farm separator changed 



