294 CALIFORNIA FRUITS: HOW TO GROW THEM 



Grafting in the Old Stump. This is resorted to when the char- 

 acter of the vineyard is to be. changed. Out of the many ways for 

 working into old' stumps, one introduces the scion by a side cut into 

 the stock without splitting across as shown at C C in the adjacent 

 engraving. The earth is removed from the old vine down to its first 

 lateral roots, and the top is sawed off cleanly a few inches above the 

 first laterals. A cut is then made into the side of the stump with a 

 knife and mallet, as shown in the figure. The scion is then cut long 

 enough so that one bud will remain above ground when the surface is 

 leveled again, the bottom of the scion being given an oblique wedge- 

 shape, so as to fit the crevice in the stock. Some care is needed in 

 shaping the wedge of the scion, so that the surfaces are in contact will 

 give good results. If the stock is well made and the end of the scion 

 so adjusted that the stock will pinch it when it is pushed into place, 

 nothing more will be needed except to smear over the cut surface of 

 the stump and the joint of the scion and stock with clay or with a 

 mixture of two parts clay and one part fresh cow manure. If the scion 

 is held firmly and sealed in with this mixture, it usually needs no tying, 

 and the hole can be carefully filled with loose earth, with a strong stake 

 to mark the place of the graft, and to which the new growth can be 

 securely tied afterwards. 



Another common method of grafting beneath the ground is to 

 split the stump across its center, as is done in top-grafting fruit trees 

 as shown in Chapter IX, and one or two scions inserted. If two are 

 used and both grow, the weaker one is afterward suppressed. In this 

 cross cleft graft some grafters rely upon the stock to hold the scion 

 without tying, and daub it over with the clay mixture, care being taken 

 to fill and cover the split in the stock to exclude water. Others put a 

 ligature around the split stump. Strips of cotton cloth answer well 

 for this purpose. Tying offers better security from knocking out the 

 graft with the cultivator. 



In grafting into very tough old stumps, some growers leave a slim 

 wedge of wood in the cleft with the scion to prevent the stock from 

 closing too forcibly upon the scion. 



Side Grafting. Side grafting the vine is commended by some 

 growers. It consists in inserting a graft by a cut into the side of the 

 stock, the method being essentially the same as that employed with 

 fruit trees, as described in Chapter IX, excepting that in side grafting 

 the vine the top is not amputated, but is allowed to bear its crop and is 

 then removed the following winter. The next summer the scion will 

 bear a crop, and the vine is worked over without cessation in its 

 bearing. 



Herbaceous Grafting. This term is applied to a graft in which 

 the scion of the current season's growth is set by a cleft graft into 

 canes also of the current season's growth, while both scion and cane are 

 elastic, but not too soft. The method has not been usually successful in 

 this State, apparently because of the dryness of the summer air. Still 

 some satisfactory results are reported. Mr. Casalegna of Santa Clara 

 county whose success with herbaceous buds has been noted, does 

 well also with soft-wood grafting by the whip-graft method. He says 



