LAYING OUT THE VINEYARD 297 



The bottom of the callusing bed is first covered with 2 or 3 inches 

 of sand. The bundles of grafts are then placed in a row along one end 

 of the bed, and sand well filled in around them. The bundles should be 

 placed in a slightly inclined position with the scions uppermost, and 

 the sand should be dry enough so that it sifts in between the grafts in 

 the bundle. The bundles of grafts are then covered up completely with 

 sand, leaving it at least 2 inches deep above the top of the scion. There 

 should be but little more moisture present for callusing than in the sand 

 used for keeping the cuttings over winter. Too much moisture will 

 stimulate the emission of roots and starting of buds without aiding 

 the callus formation, which is a perfectly distinct process from the 

 formation of roots. 



Grafting of Resistant Stocks after Rooting. Grafting on resist- 

 ant roots differs from working in old stumps in the size of the wood to 

 be operated on, and in the fact that the graft must be set higher up 

 because it is not desirable to have the scion strike roots of its own, for 

 the obvious reason that depending on such roots would make the vine 

 no longer resistant. The advantage of covering the graft with earth 

 is, however, still to be enjoyed, for the earth can be raised in a little 

 mound around the graft, to be removed when the graft has taken well. 

 For this reason grafting on resistant roots is usually done at or near 

 the surface of the ground. 



The common cleft graft is used when the stock is large enough to 

 give a split strong enough to hold in the scion. In grafting smaller 

 stocks the whip graft is used both in making cutting-grafts and in 

 grafting cuttings already rooted. This graft is variously treated. It 

 is covered with clay by some, by others with grafting wax; but the 

 common experience is that grafting wax makes too tight a joint, and 

 holds in surplus sap, which begets disease. The use of a wax band 

 specially adapted to ruling conditions has proved very successful, but 

 the easiest and usually most satisfactory way is to wind with soft twine 

 or raffia which will decay and loosen as the graft enlarges, but care 

 must be taken to cut the band if it has not decayed at the time of 

 transplanting. 



LAYING OUT THE VINEYARD 



Vines are planted in rectangles, generally in squares, but some- 

 times at a less distance in the rows than the rows are from each, other. 

 The stakes which are to represent the future vines are in either case 

 placed by the same methods of measupring or marking off. All the 

 methods described for clearing and preparing lands, in Chapter VII, 

 and for laying off ground in squares, described in Chapter X, are 

 applicable to vineyard ground. The measuring wire therein described 

 is the means usually employed for laying off. A special contrivance 

 which has been used to some extent on level ground is thus described : 



The marker most in use is made in the form of a sled, sixteen, fourteen, or 

 twelve feet long, with three runners so placed as to mark rows eight, seven, or 

 six feet wide. These runners should be made about three feet long, of some 

 hard wood (Oregon pine will do), two inches thick and firmly nailed to two 

 planks placed upon them of the lengths first above named. Upon these should 



