298 CALIFORNIA FRUITS: HOW TO GROW THEM 



be bolted two strong pieces of joist in the form of wagon hounds projecting in 

 front far enough to receive a stout pole like a wagon tongue, well braced and 

 fastened with an iron rod. Care must be taken that the motion of the machine 

 is steady and true in all its parts. With a well-made marker, a gentle team, and 

 a careful driver, excellent work may be done. 



Distance of Planting. There is as much difference of opinion 

 and practice in fixing the distance between vines as between orchard 

 trees, but usually more room is given than formerly. Planted in 

 squares, the distance varies from seven to ten feet, with eight feet as 

 most prevalent, taking the State as a whole. Planting in rows is also 

 adopted to some extent. Such plantations are made with the vines 

 seven by ten or eight by ten feet, four and one-half by eleven feet, 

 etc. There is a great variation in the distances. Some advantages of 

 the row system are as follows : Greater space to spread trays for 

 raisin curing ; plowing can be done with double team and larger plows ; 

 the brush can be gathered and burned between the rows instead of 

 carrying it to the avenues ; sulphur and materials for spraying can be 

 brought in by team to any part of the vineyard ; empty boxes can be 

 distributed and filled ones gathered up without carrying, etc. Planting 

 in rows recommends itself not only for planting new vineyards, but 

 also for changing old vineyards from seven by seven feet to three and 

 one-half by fourteen feet, or from eight by eight feet to four by sixteen 

 feet, giving opportunity to change from a WHifero-root vineyard to 

 a resistant-root vineyard. This can be accomplished by planting resist- 

 ant roots in the alternate rows to be preserved, right between the two 

 old vines. 



Number of Vines to the Acre. However the vines be set, it 

 is very easy to calculate the number of vines which an acre will accom- 

 modate. Multiply the distance in feet between the rows by the distance 

 the plants are apart in the rows, and the product will be the number of 

 square feet for each plant, which, divided into the number of feet in an 

 acre (forty-tree thousand five hundred and sixty), will give the num- 

 ber of plants to the acre. 



Avenges in the Vineyard. For convenience of access with team 

 and wagon there should always be avenues through the vineyard. They 

 are usually arranged so as to cut up the vineyard into blocks about 

 twice as long as broad, if the vineyard be on the level land. Of course, 

 on hilly lands the avenues should be located for ease of hauling. 

 The avenue is made by leaving out a row of vines, and, therefore, the 

 exact size of the block will depend upon the distance between the rows. 

 Some advise having not more than forty vines between the avenues. 

 Planting in rows, with wide spaces between the rows, renders few 

 avenues necessary. 



PLANTING CUTTINGS AND ROOTED VINES 



Various means are used for planting cuttings. An essential condi- 

 tion to successful growth is to have the lower part of the cutting well 

 embedded in the soil, as it will not root unless in close contact with the 

 earth. To lack of care in this regard most failures are due, and for 

 lack of surety that such contact is made the various contrivances for 



