CHAPTER XI 



ure of the flowers. The other plant in the illustration is Castilleia 

 parviflora, Bong., but several other species resemble it closely ; the 

 hoary C. foliolosa, H. & A., of dry hillsides, is the only one easily 

 identified. In both these genera, the bracts and calyx tips con- 

 tribute much to the general showiness, the slender corollas having 

 their two upper petals quite united, and the three lower ones very 

 much reduced. The flowers in both cases have abundant honey ; I 

 have rarely seen day insects avail themselves of the honey in the 

 Orthocarpus, but I have marked numbers of unvisited stigmas at 

 night, and have found them quite visibly pollinated in the morning. 

 The Castilleias, I have seen pollinated only by humming birds, 

 though sometimes the flowers are short enough for bees. Both plants 

 produce abundant seed. 



The Pentstemon that is called the scarlet bugler, is P. centranthifo- 

 lius, Benth.; the violet one of the illustration is P. heterophyllus, 

 Ivindl., its flowers being very similar to P. spectabilis, Thurb. Some 

 later Pentstemons will be referred to in Chapter XV. I have fre- 

 quently seen the violet Pentstemons visited by large native bees, and 

 by regal Masaria wasps that take siestas in the flowers. Several 

 other genera of the family Scrophulariacese are rather commonly 

 encountered. There are several mulleins, Verbascums, imported 

 weeds, that may be found in waste lands. These woolly plants send 

 up wand-like clusters several feet high ;. the flowers are but slightly 

 irregular and, unlike other members of this order, have five stamens, 

 with anthers ; the filaments are densely bearded. The Veronicas, 

 or speedwells are found only in moist places; the small white or blue 

 flowers have but two stamens. Linaria Canadensts, Dum., the blue 

 toad flax, sometimes grows in masses in soil that has been cultivated ; 

 the plants may be a foot or more high, but are exceedingly slender ; 

 each blue flower has a long, slender spur, and, like the snapdragon, 

 has the throat closed. The botanical name for snapdragon Is Antir- 

 rhinum, but none of our native species have sufficiently large flowers 

 to be popularly recognized as snapdragons. A. Coulteriamim, Benth., 

 common in sandy soil in the south, has wand-like stems with branches 

 that serve as tendrils ; its white flowers form a spike, and, while not 

 very showy, are well visited by bees that are strong enough to open 

 the corollas. Climbing species of Antirrhinum with blue flowers are 

 not rare. Scrophularia Calif or nica, Cham., is a rank, weedy-looking 

 plant with reddish-brown, chubby little flowers. This genus has such 

 a patent story of cross pollination that it is usually selected for an 

 illustration in text books. The flowers are nearly globular, but have 

 a wide opening between the upper and lower lips ; between the two 



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