APPLES FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES 207 



is left between the top tier and the roof of the car, also the entire space 

 between the doors is left vacant for the better circulation of air. The boxes, 

 after being systematically placed in the car, are so braced with timbers as 

 to prevent any movement. The usual carload consists of about 650 boxes. 

 Refrigerator fruit cars are employed mainly for apple shipment, but no ice 

 is used. 



Before packing apples for sale growers should inform themselves 

 fully as to the latest standardization requirements by consulting the 

 county horticultural commissioners. 



Summer and Fall Apples. In some regions noted for early ma- 

 turing of fruit, it is profitable to grow early apples, providing there 

 are facilities for reaching profitable avenues of trade. Except to 

 minister to some special local or distant trade which can be thus 

 foresoon, it must be said that very early apples are hardly worth 

 the attention of the commercial planter. These sorts are apt to come 

 into direct contest with the magnificent peaches, grapes and other 

 summer and autumn fruits, and suffer thereby. 



On the other hand the fall apples, chiefly the Yellow Bellflower 

 and Gravenstein, are so good and profitable in regions where they 

 bear well that they are among the varieties which constitute our 

 chief commercial reliance. Bellflowers are also encroaching on the 

 field of winter apples because they come out so well from cold 

 storage. 



Winter Apples. For large ventures in apple growing, in locali- 

 ties carefully chosen for especial adaptations, a few of the finest 

 varieties of winter apples should generally be selected. It is the 

 judgment of the most experienced apple growers, many of whom 

 have old orchards including many varieties, that new plantations 

 of winter apples should contain only about six sorts. Of these, in 

 most parts of the State, two would be the Yellow Newtown Pippin 

 and White Winter Pearmain ; the other four would vary in different 

 parts of the State, as can be learned by conference with experienced 

 local growers. 



Apples for Long Shipment. There has been for years quite an 

 important trade in shipment of California apples to various ports 

 in the South Pacific Ocean, and recently there has been a sharp 

 demand for Calofornia apples for shipment to the Eastern States 

 and England, and this movement by way of the Panama Canal may 

 be expected to increase greatly. The characteristic size, quality 

 and keeping of the fruit, together with the size and style of package, 

 have strongly commended the fruit. The center of this trade is Wat- 

 sonville, in a coast valley, in the central part of the State. The two 

 apples which are most popular are the Yellow Bellflower and the 

 Yellow Newtown Pippin. It is an interesting fact that these varie- 

 ties have overcome the popular ferver for a red apple, though at 

 Watsonville some Red Pearmains are grown to fill orders which 

 insist on having some color. 



For the Interior Valleys. In choosing varieties for the hot val- 

 leys of the State those making a heavy foliage growth are to be pre- 

 ferred. The Spitzenburg, for example, is a failure in the valleys of the 



