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CALIFORNIA FRUITS: HOW TO GROW THEM 



Resistance to Phylloxera. The recourse to resistant roots to 

 escape the phylloxera has been attended with some disappointment 

 because the wild roots at first widely used proved only partially 

 resistant. Recently, in the main through the employment of French 

 selected varieties of the American wild species, stocks with satis- 

 factory resistance, larger growth and vigor and adaptation to differ- 

 ent California soils have been secured. Notable success has been 

 attained in the habilitation of vineyards on the basis of resistant 

 roots. As this undertaking involves considerable outlay and as 

 success depends taking advantage of the latest demonstrations of 

 the affinities of varieties, the adaptations of roots to soils and the 

 suitability of varieties for special purposes and the best method of 

 grafting on resistants and the rooting of grafted cuttings, the latest 

 information should be had from the University Experiment Station 

 at Berkeley, before making investments.* 



LAYING OUT THE VINEYARD 



Vines are planted in rectangles, generally in squares, but some- 

 times at a less distance in the rows than the rows are from each 

 other. The stakes which are to represent the future vines are in 

 either case placed by the same methods of measuring or marking 

 off. All the methods described for clearing and preparing lands, in 

 Chapter VII, and for laying off ground in squares, described in 

 Chapter X, are applicable to vineyard ground. The measuring 

 wire therein described is the means usually employed for laying 

 off and small stakes or "markers" are placed at the points where 

 vines are to be set. 



In row-planting the direction of the rows depends upon circum- 

 stances. Mr. Fred. K. Howard of Fresno cites these points : 



For the raisin varieties the wide rows should as a rule run east and west 

 to permit more rapid drying particularly with the Muscat, which is late 

 ripening and must have every advantage or drying may be delayed until 

 the early rains begin. It is possible that proper fall for irrigation water 

 cannot be obtained either to the east or west, and with the trellised 

 varieties like the Thompson or the Sultana it may be practically impossible 

 to irrigate crosswise and it may be permissible to run the rows north 

 and south. It is probably far better to be able to irrigate than to have 

 east and west rows with ideal drying conditions and be unable to apply 

 sufficient water to produce crops. 



Obviously in vineyards grown by rainfall and in sections where 

 the land is all considerably on edge, other considerations must rule 

 in laying off, which must be locally considered. 



Distance of Planting. There is as much difference of opinion 

 and practice in fixing the distance between vines as between orchard 

 trees, but usually more room is given than formerly. Planted in 

 squares, the distance varies from seven to ten feet, with eight feet 

 as most prevalent, taking the State as a whole. Planting in rows 

 is becoming more popular and particularly essential, as the long- 

 pruned varieties are taken out on wire trellises rather than grown 



Circular 226 (December, 1920) gives explicit information. 



