CALIFORNIA FRUITS: HOW TO GROW THEM 



furrow should be plowed as deep as possible, with the vertical side 

 next to the field to be protected. It can be further trimmed with a 

 spade preferably cutting under slightly, making a smooth surface, 

 over which few, if any, of the worms will make their way. Above 

 this shoulder a fine pulverized earth should slope as abruptly upward 

 as possible. If any of the worms succeed in climbing up over the 

 smooth surface made by the spade they will be pretty sure to fall 

 back as they reach this fine loose earth in an attempt to' ascend over 

 the projecting shoulder. Pestholes should be dug on the straight 

 edge of the furrow every fifteen or twenty feet. The worms in fail- 

 ing to scale the vertical side of the furrow will crawl along in the 

 bottom and fall into these holes. Here they may be killed by pour- 

 ing in a little crude oil, or by pouring in a little distillate and drop- 

 ping in a match, thus burning them, or the holes filled in and others 

 dug. They may also be killed in the furrow by sprinkling them with 

 kerosene or by pouring a strip of crude oil along the furrow. 



Canker Worms. These are destructive leaf-feeding caterpillars, 

 commonly known also as inchworms, loopers or measuring worms, 

 because of the peculiar looping gait by which they move about. The 

 male moths are slender bodied and have broad, thin wings, while the 

 females are wingless, heavy-bodied creatures. 



While these caterpillars can in large measure be controlled by 

 spraying with lead arsenate, it is by far the best to use the trap 

 method of control and avoid having them upon the trees at all. 

 The trap method depends for its success upon the fact that the 

 wingless female moth upon emerging from her cocoon in the ground 

 immediately crawls up the trunk of the nearby tree and places her 

 eggs upon the twigs. By trapping the females on their way up into 

 the trees no eggs can be placed near the foliage and the caterpillars 

 hatching from them can do no damage. The traps are made thus : 

 Take No. 16 or No. 14 wire cloth in strips six inches wide, draw and 

 tack the top edge close to the trunk of the tree over a bandage of 

 cloth which is put on first to make the joint tight. The lower edge 

 should flare out about an inch from the tree all around. This trap 

 will need rather frequent cleaning while the moths are active. They 

 may also be prevented from climbing by bands of "tree tanglefoot" 

 or loose cotton. 



Tent Caterpillars. Several species of hairy caterpillars called 

 "tent caterpillars," or "web worms," from their spinning covers of 

 cobweb-like material, under which they take shelter in large col- 

 onies ; but one, at least, of the group does not spin a web, though it 

 lives in clusters on the tree. The worms can be killed by cutting off 

 and burning the twig holding the cluster or by burning the colonies 

 in place with a torch on the end of a pole, or by spraying the foliage 

 with lead arsenate. The pest can be reduced while pruning by care- 

 fully collecting and burning the egg clusters, which encircle the 

 twig. 



Red-Humped Caterpillar. Striped caterpillars, not hairy, but 

 having two rows of black spines along the back, also living in clus- 



